chapter 13a mrnmr.pptVIP

Triplet: 2 Adjacent Protons The N + 1 Rule If a signal is split by N equivalent protons, it is split into N + 1 peaks. Range of Magnetic Coupling Equivalent protons do not split each other. Protons bonded to the same carbon will split each other only if they are not equivalent. Protons on adjacent carbons normally will couple. Protons separated by four or more bonds will not couple.  Splitting for Ethyl Groups Splitting for Isopropyl Groups Coupling Constants Distance between the peaks of multiplet Measured in Hz Not dependent on strength of the external field Multiplets with the same coupling constants may come from adjacent groups of protons that split each other.  Values for Coupling Constants Complex Splitting Signals may be split by adjacent protons, different from each other, with different coupling constants. Example: Ha of styrene which is split by an adjacent H trans to it (J = 17 Hz) and an adjacent H cis to it (J = 11 Hz).  Splitting Tree Spectrum for Styrene Stereochemical Nonequivalence Usually, two protons on the same C are equivalent and do not split each other. If the replacement of each of the protons of a -CH2 group with an imaginary “Z” gives stereoisomers, then the protons are non-equivalent and will split each other.  Some Nonequivalent Protons Time Dependence Molecules are tumbling relative to the magnetic field, so NMR is an averaged spectrum of all the orientations. Axial and equatorial protons on cyclohexane interconvert so rapidly that they give a single signal. Proton transfers for OH and NH may occur so quickly that the proton is not split by adjacent protons in the molecule.  Hydroxyl Proton Ultrapure samples of ethanol show splitting. Ethanol with a small amount of acidic or basic impurities will not show splitting. N-H Proton Moderate rate of exchange. Peak may be broad. Identifying the O-H or N-H Peak Chemical shift will depend on concentration and solvent. To verify that a particular peak is due to O-H or N-H, sha