生物化学 chap 8 EMP幻灯片.pptVIP

Catabolism of carbohydrate Glycolysis (糖酵解, EMP) Citric acid cycle(柠檬酸循环,TCA) HMP(己糖之路途径，磷酸戊糖途径) Chap 7 Glycolysis (EMP, Embden Meyerhof Parnas) Definition Glycolysis is a sequence of 10 enzyme-catalyzed reactions by which glucose is converted into pyruvate and ATP is produced. Glycolysis is a ubiquitous pathway, which is active in all differentiated cell types in multicellular organisms. Substrate-level phosphorylation (底物水平磷酸化) A phosphate is directly transferred from a substrate to ADP to form ATP. Section 2 Energy yield Early in glycolysis, two ATPs are required for the conversion of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate by hexokinase and for the conversion of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate by phophofructokinase. However, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate then gives rise to two three carbon units, each of which generates two ATPs in subsequent steps (catalyzed by phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate kinase). So, one original glucose in glycolysis generates two net ATPs. Note that, two NADH molecules are synthesized in glycolysis, under aerobic conditions, which will be reoxidized via the electron transport chain generating ATP(氧化磷酸化). During glycolysis, NAD+ is reduced to NADH at the (step 6). In order for glycolysis to operate continuously, the cell must be able to regenerate NAD+. Otherwise, all the coenzymes would rapidly accumulate in the reduced form, and glycolysis would stop. Section 3 fates of pyruvate Entry into citric acid cycle(TCA) Conversion into lactate (乳酸) Conversion into ethanol Entry into TCA Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA by the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase and the acetyl CoA then enters the TCA. So, the pyruvate is completely oxidized and CO2 and H2O are generated. In TCA, most ATPs are generated by oxidative phosphorylation(NADH). Conversion into ethanol In yeast and some other microorganisms under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to ethanol , and NADH is oxidized to N