专业英语 第五章第一篇.docVIP

Soil , in the engineering sense , comprises all materials found in the surface layer of the earths crust that are loose enough to be moved by spade or shovel. Such materials are natural systems that are normally composed of solid, liquid and gaseous phases. The solid phase is contributed by particulate matter of inorganic or organic characters. The liquid phase is usually an aqueous electrolyte solution. The gaseous phase in contact and exchange with the atmosphere may have a different composition from the latter, depending on location and biologic activity within the soil. Since water and air content vary with variation in environmental conditions, soils are normally characterized by their particulate components, while the air and water contents are considered together as porosity. However, in assaying the actual physical properties of a soil system, due consideration must be given to the volume percentages of the component phases as well as to the distribution of the different phases throughout the system. 译文：工程意义上的土壤包含着在地壳表层发现的足够被铲子松动的材料。是通常由、液相和气相组成的自然系统。，1μm) mineral and organic particles, and in mineral character from practically unchanged fragments of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rock through a wide range of weathering products to typical creations ( clay minerals, hydrous oxides, organic matter, etc.) of natural soil formation in the biosphere. A soil may be composed of only one size fraction of narrow range (beach sand, pebble beaches, toess) or any number of size fractions in continuous or gap grading. The size composition of a soil is called its texture. The soil classification of the U. S. Soil Survey considers only the material that passes the U. S. No. 10 sieve (2mm); the presence of larger particles is denoted by the modifiers gravetly, stony, and cobbly. 译文：固体土壤组成大小不一,小的岩石( 30厘米)胶体分散(Iμm)矿物和有机粒子, 通过广泛风化作用形成的典型产物（粘土矿物、氧化物、有机质、等）在生物圈自然土壤形成 土壤可能只由一个范围较窄的粒级（海滩砂、小卵石滩、黄土）组成，也可能由连续级配或间断级配的任何数量的粒级组成。美国的土壤分类只考虑能通过美国10号筛的材料（＜2mm）；大颗粒的存在被称为砾质、碎石质和粗砾