国际市场营销学（原书第15版）教学课件作者（美）菲利普R.凯特奥拉(PhilipR.CateorChap006课件.ppt

* In addition to economic risks, one or a group of nations may boycott another nation, with political sanctions – thereby stopping all trade between the countries, or may issue sanctions against the trade of specific products. The United States has come under some criticism for its demand for continued sanctions against Cuba and its threats of future sanctions against countries that violate human rights issues. History indicates that sanctions are almost always unsuccessful in reaching desired goals, particularly when other major nations’ traders ignore them. * Although not usually officially sanctioned by the government, the impact of political and social activists (PSAs) can also interrupt the normal flow of trade. PSAs can range from those who seek to bring about peaceful change to those who resort to violence and terrorism to effect change. When well organized, the actions of PSAs can succeed. One of the most effective and best-known PSA actions was against Nestle and the sale of baby formula in Third World markets. The worldwide boycott of Nestle’s products resulted in substantial changes in the company’s marketing. The Internet has become an effective tool of PSAs to spread the word on whatever cause they sponsor. During protest rallies against the U.S.- Iraq war, organizers were able to coordinate protest demonstrations in 600 cities worldwide and to disseminate information easily. A Google search for “peace protest” during that time (2003) resulted in 788,000 entries (about 660,000 in 2008), including news briefs, Web sites for peace organizations, online petitions for peace, where to show up with your placard, where to send your dollars, and how to write your member of Congress. * Often associated with political activism, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) are increasingly affecting policy decisions made by governments. Many are involved in peaceful protests, lobbying, and even collaborations with governmental organizations. Many also are involved in m