Module 5模块5. Two Sample ttests when Variances are not .pptVIP

27 - Module 27: Two Sample t-tests With Unequal Variances * This module shows how to test the hypothesis that two population means are equal when there is evidence that the requirement that the two populations have the same variance is not met. REVIEWED 19 July 05 /MODULE 27 The General Situation Earlier we tested hypotheses about two population means, based on data from two independent samples under the assumption that the two populations had the same variance. For this situation, we calculated the pooled estimate of the common variance with: We then tested the null hypothesis: H0 : μ1= μ2 vs. H1: μ1 ≠ μ2 with the test statistic: If the two population variances are not the same, then they are estimated separately and: is estimated by: What if σ12 ≠ σ22 When we have two independent random samples from two different populations and there is evidence that the two population variances differ, i.e. ?12 ≠ ?22, then we can base a test about the difference between the population means ?1 and ?2 on the following: To deal with ?12 ≠ ?22, we are adjusting the degrees of freedom in order to obtain a better approximation than would otherwise be the case. This adjustment requires that we calculate: Example Independent random samples were taken from populations of histidine levels for males and females. The measurements were approximately normally distributed . The statistics from the two samples were: 2,484.62 15,291.7 s2 153.2 300.8 s 10 5 n Females Males The hypothesis: H0: ?M = ?F vs H1: ?M ? ?F The assumptions: Independent samples, normal distributions The ? - level: ? = 0.05 4. The test statistic: Test the hypothesis H0: ?M = ?F vs. H1: ?M ? ?F The critical region: Reject if t is not between ? t0.975(f), where so that f = 6.99-2 = 4.99. We will use f = 5, and t0.975(5) = 2.57058. 6. The r