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Muscles 13.8 Muscles are effectors which enable movement to be carried out Muscle Is responsible for almost all the movements in animals 3 types Muscles the Skeleton Skeletal muscles cause the skeleton to move at joints They are attached to skeleton by tendons. Tendons transmit muscle force to the bone. Tendons are made of collagen fibres are very strong stiff Antagonistic Muscle Action Muscles are either contracted or relaxed When contracted the muscle exerts a pulling force, causing it to shorten Since muscles can only pull (not push), they work in pairs called antagonistic muscles The muscle that bends the joint is called the flexor muscle The muscle that straightens the joint is called the extensor muscle Elbow Joint The best known example of antagonistic muscles are the bicep triceps muscles Muscle Structure A single muscle e.g. biceps contains approx 1000 muscle fibres. These fibres run the whole length of the muscle Muscle fibres are joined together at the tendons Muscle Structure Each muscle fibre is actually a single muscle cell This cell is approx 100 ?m in diameter a few cm long These giant cells have many nuclei Their cytoplasm is packed full of myofibrils These are bundles of protein filaments that cause contraction Sarcoplasm (muscle cytoplasm) also contains mitochondria to provide energy for contraction Muscle Structure The E.M shows that each myofibril is made up of repeating dark light bands In the middle of the dark band is the M-line In the middle of the light band is the Z-line The repeating unit from one Z-line to the next is called the sarcomere Muscle Structure A very high resolution E.M reveals that each myofibril is made up of parallel filaments. There are 2 kinds of filament called thick thin filaments. These 2 filaments are linked at intervals called cross bridges, which actually stick out from the thick filaments The Thick Filament (Myosin) Consists of the protein called myosin. A myosin molecule is shaped a bit like a golf clu