Nubia, Olmec and Chavin努比亚奥尔梅克和查文.pptVIP

* LLAMA extremely important for trade, carrying massive quantities around * * Nubian, Olmec, and Chavin Civilizations Nubia, 3100BCE – 350CE Aswan and Khartoum Trade center – Sub – Saharan Africa and Mediterranean Resources: gold, copper, stones Nile, irrigation, trade (boats/caravans to avoid cataracts) Bantu migrations- farmers in the Sahel migrate East and South Early Cultures and Egyptian Domination, 2300 – 1100 BCE Old Kingdom Egypt sought riches that came through Nubia Middle Kingdom – Egypt more aggressive, wanted more control (forts), mostly peaceful 1750 BCE Kingdom of Kush – huge mud brick monuments Belief in afterlife (possessions sacrificed/buried) New Kingdom – Egypt destroyed Kush, ruled over Nubia, exploited for gold Egypt imposed culture (elites, military, manufactured goods, towns, gods) QUESTIONS: Review core/periphery terms. Was Nubia ever a core civilization? How did the technological and cultural influences of Egypt affect the formation of Nubia? Kingdom of Meroe, 800 BCE – 350 CE 1200 BCE - Egypt loses control over Nubia (Napata and Meroe) Brief control over Egypt, lost when they challenged the Assyrians, Egyptian cultural influence continued 4th c. BCE – Meroe (trade, agriculture), sub – Saharan culture, new language, new deities Matrilineal system (queens involved in warfare, diplomacy, monumental buildings) City of Meroe huge, reservoirs, iron smelting Collapsed 4th c. BCE (nomads on camels, loss of trade) QUESTIONS: Compare/contrast what we know about the role of women in Egyptian and Nubian society. What was the importance of trade to the native civilizations that emerged along the Nile south of Egypt? Early American Civilizations Arrival of humans to Americas contested (35,000 to 13,000 BCE) – isolated Environment (Guns, Germs, and Steel thesis – see page 9 in textbook) Elites organized population to change environment for their needs 1000 BCE – Olmec (Mesoamerica) and Chavin (Andes) Olmecs 1200BCE – 400BCE Located in Mexico (