Open Channel Flow Cornell Engineering开通道流量康奈尔工程.pptVIP

Open Channel Flow Open Channel Flow Liquid (water) flow with a ____ ________ (interface between water and air) relevant for natural channels: rivers, streams engineered channels: canals, sewer lines or culverts (partially full), storm drains of interest to hydraulic engineers location of free surface velocity distribution discharge - stage (______) relationships optimal channel design Topics in Open Channel Flow Uniform Flow Discharge-Depth relationships Channel transitions Control structures (sluice gates, weirs…) Rapid changes in bottom elevation or cross section Critical, Subcritical and Supercritical Flow Hydraulic Jump Gradually Varied Flow Classification of flows Surface profiles Classification of Flows Steady and Unsteady Steady: velocity at a given point does not change with time Uniform, Gradually Varied, and Rapidly Varied Uniform: velocity at a given time does not change within a given length of a channel Gradually varied: gradual changes in velocity with distance Laminar and Turbulent Laminar: flow appears to be as a movement of thin layers on top of each other Turbulent: packets of liquid move in irregular paths Momentum and Energy Equations Conservation of Energy “losses” due to conversion of turbulence to heat useful when energy losses are known or small ____________ Must account for losses if applied over long distances _______________________________________________ Conservation of Momentum “losses” due to shear at the boundaries useful when energy losses are unknown ____________ Open Channel Flow: Discharge/Depth Relationship Given a long channel of constant slope and cross section find the relationship between discharge and depth Assume Steady Uniform Flow - ___ _____________ prismatic channel (no change in _________ with distance) Use Energy, Momentum, Empirical or Dimensional Analysis? What controls depth given a discharge? Why doesn’t the flow accelerate? Steady-Uniform Flow: Force Balance Open Conduits:Dimensional Analysis Geometric par