Overview of Neurobiology of Addiction对成瘾的神经生物学概述.pptVIP

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Overview of Neurobiology of Addiction对成瘾的神经生物学概述.ppt

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Overview of Neurobiology of Addiction对成瘾的神经生物学概述

Be Careful If Family history Depression Anxiety ADHD If you can hold your liquor * * * Alcohol Pharmacokinetics: Absorption After oral absorption, alcohol is absorbed almost completely from the duodenum. It is rapidly absorbed by diffusion. The rate of absorption is extremely variable depends on several factors: - volume, type and alcohol concentration of the beverage - less concentrated solutions are absorbed more slowly, however very concentrated solutions can inhibited gastric emptying. Also carbonation can increase the absorption of alcohol - rate of drinking - the faster you drink, the faster the absorption - food - food has a major effect on alcohol absorption. The amount, timing and type of food all have an effect. For example, high-fat foods can significantly delay the absorption of alcohol. The effect of food on alcohol is primarily due to the delay in gastric emptying seen after meal consumption. - gastric metabolism, as well as hepatic first-pass metabolism can significantly decrease the bioavailability of alcohol and thus the amount of alcohol getting into the systemic circulation. * Alcohol Pharmacokinetics: Metabolism Metabolism of alcohol occurs primarily in the liver, in a 2-step process. In the first step, alcohol is oxidized to acetaldehyde by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase or ADH. This enzyme saturates at fairly low blood alcohol concentrations (it has a low Km and follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics). Thus at moderate blood alcohol levels seen after social drinking, it follows apparent zero-order kinetics - this means that the rate of metabolism is at the maximal capacity and has a constant rate of approximately 7-10 grams per hour (equivalent to 1-drink per hour). However, the rate is extremely variable between individuals and even within individuals from day-to-day. * Gender Differences in pharmacokinetics As mentioned before, there are gender difference in alcohol pharmacokinetics. There are gender differences in gastric ADH activity resul