Phylum Platyhelminthes University of Evansville扁形动物门伊凡斯维尔大学.pptVIP

Phylum Platyhelminthes Organ Systems of the Platyhelminthes cont. Organ Systems of the Platyhelminthes cont. Platyhelminthes Taxonomy * * General Characteristics They exhibit bilateral symmetry: anterior and posterior ends are different; so are the dorsal (top) and ventral (bottom) surfaces The platyhelminths also exhibit some degree of cephalization Commonly referred to as the flatworms because their bodies are dorsoventrally flattened. They are acoelomates This phylum (and all remaining phyla) possess 3 germ layers (=triploblastic) The mesoderm (third germ layer) gives rise to muscles, various organ systems, and the parenchyma, a form of solid tissue containing cells and fibers Outer Body Covering The body of some platyhelminthes (e.g., turbellarians) is covered by a ciliated epidermis Epidermal cells contain rod-shaped structures called rhabdites that when released into the surrounding water, expand and form a protective mucous coat around the animal The outer body covering of other platyhelminthes (e.g., parasitic forms) is a non-ciliated tegument The tegument is referred to as a syncytial epithelium Organ Systems of the Platyhelminthes Digestive System Some of the flatworms possess a digestive system, with a mouth, pharynx, and a branching intestine from which the nutrients are absorbed The intestine, with only one opening, is a blind system Excretory System (osmoregulation) A network of water collecting tubules adjacent to flame cells or a protonephridia When cilia beat they move water into the tubules and out the body through pores called nephridiopores Organ Systems of the Platyhelminthes con’t Muscular System Below the epidermis are layers of circular and longitudinal muscle fibers; used in locomotion Nervous System Includes: anterior cerebral ganglia, longitudinal nerve cords, and some lateral nerves Most free living planarians and parasitic larval forms possess a variety of sensory organs (e.g., eye spots, statocysts, rheorecept