PowerPoint Presentation Biological clocksPowerPoint演示文稿生物钟.pptVIP

Biological clocks Clock periods Circannual Circalunidian Circadian Clock mechanisms Entrainment Neural location Genetic basis Hibernation follows annual rhythm ingolden-mantled ground squirrels Testes growth and feather molt in stonechats follows annual cycles Horseshoe crabs mate on full moonwhy? Lunar position affects the tides Isopod activity follows tides Kangaroo rat feeding shows lunar cycles Entrainment by environmental cycles Environmental cues set cycle period Species specific Types of cues Photoperiod Light pulse Food availability Temperature compensation Clock cycles do not change with temperature Cricket calling entrains to dark Mouse activity entrains to light Seasonal testis growth in white-crowned sparrows - light triggered? Mole-rats lack daily cycles Clock mechanisms Location of the clock Suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus Pineal gland Clock genes Period Timeless Tau (doubletime) Mammal and bird clocks reside in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), which is in the hypothalamus In hamsters, SCN lesion disrupts clock while SCN transplant restores clock Isolated rat SCN exhibit clock activity Isolated neurons from rat SCN exhibit circadian rhythym Pineal glands respond to light cycles crem gene expression in rat pineal glands is altered by light Distribution of circadian clocks in tissues and taxa Mammalian clock pathways period alleles exhibit altered circadian rhythyms Genetic basis of the clock in mammals per codes for a protein (PER) that gradually builds up over time tau codes for an enzyme that breaks down PER tim codes for a protein (TIM) that binds with PER to cross the membrane and suppress transcription of PER Photoreceptor not yet known Cycle repeats every 24 h Genetic basis of the clock in flies per and tim genes are turned on by clock and cycle PER and TIM proteins build up inside the cell during dark dbt codes for an enzyme that degrades PER adds time delay Cryptochromes absorb blue light and activate cry gene expression TIM p