PowerPoint Presentation Proxy Measurements of PowerPoint演示文稿代理测量.pptVIP

Proxy Measurements of Climate Change Tree rings Ice cores Ocean sediments Pollen records Corals Historical records Tree rings Since tree growth is influenced by climatic conditions, patterns in tree-ring widths, density, and isotopic composition reflect variations in climate. In temperate regions where there is a distinct growing season, trees generally produce one ring a year, and thus record the climatic conditions of each year. Trees can grow to be hundreds to thousands of years old and can contain annually-resolved records of climate for centuries to millennia. To learn more about tree rings please visit the following: Laboratory of Tree Ring Research at the University of Arizona and the Ultimate Tree-Ring Web Pages, University of Tennessee Ice cores Located high in mountains and deep in polar ice caps, ice has accumulated from snowfall over many centuries. Scientists drill through the deep ice to collect ice cores. These cores contain dust, air bubbles, or isotopes of oxygen, that can be used to interpret the past climate of that area. To learn more about ice cores please visit the following sites: The Australian Antarctic Division, See Dept. of Glaciology - Issues . The American Geophysical Union Greenland Ice Cores Summit (GISP2) Project Ocean sediments Ocean Lake Sediments: Between 6 and 11 billion metric tons of sediment accumulate in the ocean and lake basins each year. Scientist drill cores of sediment from the basin floors. Ocean and lake sediments consist of materials that were produced in the lake/ocean or that washed in from nearby land. These materials (preserved tiny fossils and chemicals in the sediments) can be used to interpret past climate. To learn more about ocean lake sediments, please visit the following: Ocean Drilling Program; International Marine Global Changes Study. Fossil pollen Each species and genus of plants produces pollen grains which have a distinct shape. These shapes can be used to identify the type of pla