Psychotropic Medication Utilization and Cost Patterns 精神药物的使用和成本模式.pptVIP

Dorothy Stubbe, M.D. Yale Child Study Center Goals and Objectives To review some of the major theories and concepts of normal human development To highlight the utility and limitations of developmental stage theories To utilize vignettes of a normal child to highlight key concepts in child development Outline Historical Context of views of human development Developmental Issues Three Theories of Child Development Psychoanalytic Cognitive Behavioral The measure of a society is its reverence for children -Arnold Gesell 1. The Nature Nurture DebatesThree Centuries and Going Strong John Locke (1632-1704) Tabula rasa ExperienceEnvironment Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) Innate goodness MaturationGenes Influence of Life Stress on Depression: Moderation by a Polymorphism in the 5-HTT Gene Caspi et al, Science 2003 2. Is Development Continuous? DiscontinuityMaturationDistinct stages ContinuityExperienceSmooth phases 3. Early vs. Late Influences Goodness of Fit Primary Parental Preoccupations Transitional Object Good Enough Mother Behavioral Learning Theories Classical Conditioning Pavlov Watson– fear reaction in little Albert John Wolpe and systematic desensitization Operant Conditioning Thorndike and Law of Effect BF Skinner and Behaviorism Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning in practice Example: fear of doctors after vaccination Treatments Extinction (systematic desensitization) Treatments of fears and phobias Operant Conditioning Reinforcements Positive Negative Punishment Clinical Relevance Sticker charts and positive reinforcements Behavior plans Parent management training Biofeedback Job satisfaction Important Theorists Psychodynamic Sigmund Freud– psychosexual stages Erik Erikson– epigenic model of developmental stages throughout life Anna Freud– ego psychology and defense mechanisms Important Theorists Object relations theory Winnicott– good enough mother and transitional object John Bowlby– attachment theory Margaret M