Process and Grammatical Metaphor in Wordsworth’s 华兹华斯的过程与语法隐喻.pptVIP

In languages with case markings according to the Ergative/Absolutive system (rather than Nominative/Accusative system) transitive subject is specially marked (ergative) while intransitive subject and transitive object have same (usu. zero-marked) form (absolutive). Halliday and Langacker (1991: 387) ergative class of verbs: cook, sail, tear, boil, freeze, etc The ergative system reverses the action-chain canonical event path of energy flow The ice cracked. A rock cracked the ice. The waiter cracked the ice with a rock. The manager made the waiter crack the ice with a rock. The owner had the manager make the waiter crack the ice with a rock. ‘Either convention or personal choice may lead a speaker to focus just on the final segment of an action chain, effectively portraying it as an autonomous occurrence’(L 1991:389) The energy for the interaction could therefore be seen as residing within the theme participant, e.g. the ice. Ergatives in Chinese? Accusative marking of Objects associated with the canonical event model.: directionality and reaching the goal special examples of asymmetry and completion. ACC-marked objects associated with this pattern. Er klopte mich (accusative) auf der Shulter ‘he hit me on the shoulder’? Er klopfte mir (dative) auf der Shulter: ‘he patted me on the shoulder’ treffen ‘go to meet possibly after arranging to do so’ ACC more asymmetric begegnen ‘encounter by chance’ DAT symmetrical and non-volitional jagen ‘chase, hunt’ ACC subject controls the action; object’s action is avoidance folgen ‘follow’ DAT intent to reach not necessary; indirect object has some independence or initiative of movement—less controlled. 1. Taroo ga ziroo o ik-ase-ta Taro NOM Jiro ACC go-CAUS-PAST 2. Taroo ga ziroo ni ik-ase-ta Taro NOM Jiro DAT go-CAUS-PAST o is used in 1. when Taro is indifferent as to whether Jiro consents to go. Ni is used in 2. where Jiro willingly carries out the action of going. Typically the dativ