Quantum Error Correction and Fault Tolerance量子纠错和容错.pptVIP

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Quantum Error Correction and Fault Tolerance量子纠错和容错.ppt

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Quantum Error Correction and Fault Tolerance量子纠错和容错

Quantum Error Correction and Fault Tolerance Daniel Gottesman Perimeter Institute Quantum Error Correction Quantum Errors QECC Conditions Linearity of QECCs Stabilizer Codes Design Goals for QECCs 5-Qubit Code CSS Codes Fault Tolerance Error Propagation Transversal Operations Ancilla States Concatenated Codes Threshold for Fault-Tolerance Requirements for Fault-Tolerance Low gate error rates. Ability to perform operations in parallel. A way of remaining in, or returning to, the computational Hilbert space. A source of fresh initialized qubits during the computation. Benign error scaling: error rates that do not increase as the computer gets larger, and no large-scale correlated errors. Additional Desiderata Ability to perform gates between distant qubits. Fast and reliable measurement and classical computation. Little or no error correlation (unless the registers are linked by a gate). Very low error rates. High parallelism. An ample supply of extra qubits. Even lower error rates. Threshold Values Other Error Models Summary Quantum error-correcting codes exist which can correct very general types of errors on quantum systems. A systematic theory of stabilizer codes allows us to build many interesting quantum codes. To design fault-tolerant protocols, we must isolate errors to prevent them from spreading too far. The threshold theorem states that we can perform arbitrarily long quantum computations provided the physical error rate is sufficiently low. Study of the threshold value is underway, under various assumptions about the properties of the quantum computer. Further Information Quantum Error Correction Sonnet * * The Classical and Quantum Worlds For quantum error correction, we consider errors to be caused by a quantum channel (superoperator): ? Ak ? Ak? Examples of single-qubit errors: Bit Flip X: X?0? = ?1?, X?1? = ?0? Phase Flip Z: Z?0? = ?0?, Z?1? = -?1? Complete dephasing: ? ? (? + Z?Z?)/2 (decoherence) Rotation: R??0? = ?0?, R??1? = ei2??1? Frequent