Review Relational Observables in Quantum Gravity回顾量子引力关系的观测.pptVIP

Review: Relational Observables in Quantum Gravity Donald Marolf UCSB May 23, 2007 Classical gravity is non-local? Quantum Gravity * * 1. Diffeomorphism Invariance means no local observables: E.g., df = f,mxm . 2. Constraints! E.g., can measure H at boundary. But “easy” to gauge fix.Use “physical” coordinates attached to reference structure; E.g. GPS frame near earth. Note: may use arbitrarily small ripple …or asymptotic boundary (Minkowski,AdS) Classical gauge fixing fails only when both i. spacetime has symmetries and ii. Cauchy surfaces are compact. Generically, classical gravity is effectively local. Physical information is relational.Equations remain local (hyperbolic). How local is it? Can one repeat the relational story?(perturbative gravity, toy models) In which quantum states can one gauge fix? Can one explore locality without gauge-fixing? Classical gauge fixing fails only when both i. spacetime has isometries and ii. Cauchy surfaces are compact. Relational Observables Relational info vs. Relational Observables (Operators) Observable: A gauge-invariant self-adjoint operator  on the Hilbert space. Relational Observable: An observable which captures relational information. Canonical Example: 1+1 free relativistic particle toy model 0 = H = -PT2 + PX2 + m2 X(l) = X0 + PXl , T(l) = T0 + PTl l = proper time, residual gauge symmetry: l ? l + const A Classical Relational Observable: X when T = t [X]T=t = X0 + (t-T0)PX/PT = X + (t-T)PX/PT Any quantum observable with such a classical limit is a relational quantum observable. E.g., different factor orderings of T/PT give different quantum relational observables with the same classical limit. E.g., for free particle More complicated examples? Solving dynamics is hard… Generalize? E.g., in [X]T=t, why force T = t precisely? Single Integral Obsevables M O = A(x) for some density A(x). take