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The Play Years Cognitive DevelopmentCh 9游戏多年的认知发展9
The Play Years: Cognitive Development Slides prepared by Kate Byerwalter, Ph.D., Grand Rapids Community College Preoperational Thought (Piaget) Preoperational thought (ages 2-6 years) is characterized by: Egocentrism Centration Focus on appearance Static reasoning Irreversibility Lack of conservation Egocentrism Egocentrism is the tendency to think about the world entirely from their own personal perspective. Example: A child tries to comfort his upset father by giving him a teddy bear. Centration Centration is the tendency to focus on one aspect of a situation to the exclusion of others. Example: A child insists that lions and tigers are not “cats”! This is a type of egocentrism. Focus on Appearance When looking at something, young children tend to focus only on what is apparent, ignoring other relevant attributes. Example: A girl with a short haircut “must” be a boy. Or the “taller” child must be “older.” Static Reasoning Young children assume the world is unchanging. Example: A boy is surprised to learn that “his” teacher is also someone’s mother! If things DO change, they occur totally and suddenly (e.g., a child “wakes up” tall). Irreversibility Irreversibility is the idea that nothing can be undone. It is the failure to recognize that reversal of a process can sometimes restore something to its original state. Example: A child refuses to eat a hamburger that is “contaminated” by lettuce, even after the lettuce is removed. (Lack of) Conservation Conservation is the idea that the amount of a substance remains the same, despite changes in its appearance. Piaget found that most preoperational thinkers lack conservation. Example: Break a cookie in half, and a young child might think there are 2 cookies! Updating Piaget’s Research Research following Piaget has found that preoperational thinkers demonstrate more advanced abilities IF the testing situation is modified (e.g., nonverbal, or with a “naughty bear” moving things), and/or the objects used are
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