The Structure and Properties of Polymers University 高分子材料的结构与性能.pptVIP

The Structure and Properties of Polymers By:Sawsan D.Shubbar What is a polymer? A long molecule made up from lots of small molecules called monomers. All the same monomer Monomers all same type (A) A + A + A + A ? -A-A-A-A- eg poly(ethene) polychloroethene PVC Different monomers Monomers of two different types A + B A + B + A + B ? -A-B-A-B- eg polyamides polyesters Copolymers Copolymers are like polymer alloys. Different mers are joined to form a mixture in the backbone, eg. ABS. they can be tailored to obtain specific properties. Thermoplastics (80%) No cross links between chains. Can change shape. Can be remoulded. Thermosets Cross-linking formed by covalent bonds. Bonds prevent chains moving relative to each other. What Makes Polymers Unique? Really big molecules (macromolecules) like polymers have very different properties than small molecules. When polymer is melted, the chains can flow past each other. Molecular Weight of Polymers Unlike small molecules, polymers are typically a mixture of differently size molecules. Only an average molecular weight can be defined. Longer chains make stronger polymers. There is a critical length needed before strength increases. An average No. of 100 repeating units is necessary for HC polymers but only 40 for nylons. Crystalline polymers Crystallinty is areas in polymer where chains packed in a regular way. Both amorphous and crystalline areas can exist in the same polymer. More crystalline polymer causes stronger and less flexible polymer. Melting temperature (Tm) The (Tm) when applied to polymers suggests not a solid-liquid phase transition, but a transition from a crystalline phase to a solid amorphous phase. Crystalline melting is only discussed with thermoplastics, as thermosets will decompose at high temperatures rather than melt. Glass transition temperature (Tg) The glass transition temperature (Tg) describes the temperature at which amorphous polymers undergo a second order pha