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Transoceanic Connections and Global Encounters Readings: Spodek, 388-414, 421, 438-447 Eurasia and Africa Very Connected Center of Trade—Asia: Japan Moluccas China India More Peripheral but still involved in Trade Swahili Trading Cities—Kilwa Sahara Desert Cities—Timbuktu MAIN GOODS Spices—Pepper, Cloves, Gold, Frankincense, Myrrh Chinese Porcelain Silk Main Source of Gold: Africa West Africa along Niger River East Africa: The Great Zimbabwe Central Area of Early Modern Trade and Empire Centered on Inida India Early Began Exporting Cotton, especially to Egypt, the Mediterranean, and East Africa 400 C.E. Malay sailors trading goods from Easter Island to East Africa Rode the monsoons without a compass Used square pivot sails that allowed them to sail into the wind, by tacking against it—the prototype of the triangular lateen sail China and Early Trade Cities on China’s southern coasts became centers of overseas commerce Exported silk, porcelain, iron hardware—needles, scissors, and cooking pots To facilitate commerce, conquest, and government—invented printing and paper, gunpowder, and the compass Muslim Trade Spread crops developed or improved in India to Middle East, North Africa, and Islamic Spain: Sugar, cotton, and citrus fruits Arabs first to import large numbers of enslaved Africans to produce sugar By 1000 sugarcane major crop in Yemen, Arabia, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Egypt, the Mahgrib, Spain and Mediterranean areas controlled by Muslims—in many places had to develop sophisticated irrigation Also spread cotton from Iran and Central Asia to Spain and the Mediterranean Used silver from mines they developed in Afghanistan and gold from across the Sahara East Africans, Muslims, and Europe’s Problem East Africans—the Swahilis controlled the Indian Ocean Trade until Annihilated by the Portuguese. Arabs controlled overland trade to Asia Triple threat: economic, religious, cultural Turned to seaborne exploration Complicated by winds and currents EUROPE’S