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Perspective is everything An irreverent discussion of CNS–immune system interactions as viewed from different scientific traditions.pdf

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Perspective is everything An irreverent discussion of CNS–immune system interactions as viewed from different scientific traditions.pdf

Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 21 (2007) 367–373 Invited Minireview /locate/ybrbi Perspective is everything: An irreverent discussion of CNS–immune system interactions as viewed from diVerent scientiWc traditions Monica J. Carson a,¤, David D. Lo a,b a Division of Biomedical Sciences, The University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0121, USA b Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, CA 92037, USA Received 11 October 2006; received in revised form 13 November 2006; accepted 15 November 2006 Available online 17 January 2007 Abstract The immune system is a host defense system comprised of both innate mechanisms able to rapidly recognize and respond to conserved pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) as well as adaptive mechanisms able to respond to a wide variety of non-conserved and conserved pathogen associated molecules. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that the kinetics and type of immune response triggered by pathogenic insults is a function of both the nature of the insult and the subsequent cross-regulatory interactions between the responding immune cells. In this context, the potential immunomodulatory inXuences of the nervous system have been often viewed as exerting minimal modulatory eVects and thus of being largely irrelevant in the development of immune responses. Here, using a Saturday Night Live (SNL)-styled point:counterpoint format, we discuss whether and to what extent the nervous system can shape the responses of the immune system. Finally, we examine whether primary degenerative disorders of the CNS are likely to lead to alterations in immune function. ? 2007 Published by Elsevier Inc. Keywords: Immune privilege; TREM; CD200; VIP; PACAP; Microglia; CNS 1. Introduction The immune system and the nervous system are two organ systems in which the Wnal function is determined as much by stochastic environmental cues as well as by hard wired or inherent mechanisms (Medzhitov and Janeway, 19