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The formation and function of ER-endosome membrane contact sites.pdf

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The formation and function of ER-endosome membrane contact sites.pdf

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1861 (2016) 874–879 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biochimica et Biophysica Acta journal homepage: /locate/bbalip The formation and function of ER-endosome membrane contact sites☆ Emily R. Eden UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK article info Article history: Received 25 September 2015 Received in revised form 27 January 2016 Accepted 29 January 2016 Available online 16 February 2016 Keywords: Endosome Endoplasmic reticulum Membrane contact site Lipid transport abstract Recent advances in membrane contact site (MCS) biology have revealed key roles for MCSs in inter-organellar exchange, the importance of which is becoming increasingly apparent. Roles for MCSs in many essential physiological processes including lipid transfer, calcium exchange, receptor tyrosine kinase signalling, lipid droplet formation, autophagosome formation, organelle dynamics and neurite outgrowth have been reported. The ER forms an extensive and dynamic network of MCSs with a diverse range of functionally distinct organelles. MCSs between the ER and endocytic pathway are particularly abundant, suggesting important physiological roles. Here, our current knowledge of the formation and function of ER contact sites with endocytic organelles from studies in mammalian systems is reviewed. Their relatively poorly de?ned molecular composition and recently identi?ed functions are discussed. In addition, likely, but yet to be established, roles for these contacts in lipid transfer and calcium signalling are considered. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The cellular lipid landscape edited by Tim P. Levine and Anant K. Menon. ? 2016 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (/licenses/by/4.0/). 1. Introduction Membrane contact sites (MCSs) are regions of close apposition (≤ 30 nm) between two organelles, establishing microdomains for interorganellar exchange. The ER network forms extensive MC