生医材料概论.doc

Chapter 4生醫材料概論 台大醫學院 醫學工程研究所 黃義侑 4.1生醫材料：醫療上之材料，用以與生體組織、體液、或血液等接觸，且不會產生副作用之惰性材料。 可能是直接植入到身體內，或只與生體組織、體液、或血液等接觸而已。 例如：靜脈導管、人造皮膚、人工關節、人工瓣膜、人造血管、人工腎臟等。 4.1.1生醫材料的分類： 1. 天然材料(生物材料) 。 2. 高分子材料(人工合成材料) 。 3. 金屬、陶瓷材料等。 4.1.2生醫材料的用途： 1. 用來做生物補綴物。 2. 替代組織器官。例如：人工關節、人工瓣膜、人工腎臟等。 3. 診療用品等。例如：血袋、導管等。 4. 或外科手術用品等。例如：縫線、止血物等。 4.1.3生物性生醫材料： 1. 蛋白質。例如：明膠、膠原蛋白等 。 2. 多糖類物質 。例如：澱粉、糊精等 。 3. 聚氨基酸等。 4.1.4高分子生醫材料： 1. 生分解性高分子 。例如：聚乳酸PLA、聚甘酸PGA、 聚己內酯Poly-(-caprolactone等。 2. 水膠。例如：丙烯酸系列水膠，HEMA。 3. 矽(橡)膠。 4. 聚峖酯。等 4.1.5金屬、陶瓷之生醫材料： 1. 不鏽鋼。例如：316L骨釘、骨板。 2. 鈷、鉻合金，鈦合金等。例如：人工髖關節 。 3. 陶瓷材料。例如：氫氧基磷灰石、生醫玻璃陶瓷等。 4.2生醫材料---History: The Romans, Chinese, and Aztec used gold in dentistry more than 2000 years ago. Through much of recorded history, glass eyes and wooden teeth have been in common use. 絲、貓腸線 At the turn of this century, synthetic plastics became available. Their ease of fabrication led to many implantation experiments, most of them, in light of our contemporary understanding of biomaterials toxicology, doomed to failure. In 1937, Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was introduced in dentistry. During World War II, shards of PMMA from shattered gunnery turrets, unintentionally implanted in the eyes of aviators, suggested that some materials might evoke only a mild foreign body reaction. Just after World War II, Voorhees experimented with parachute cloth (Vinyon N) as a vascular prosthesis. In 1958, in a cardiovascular surgery textbook by Rob, the suggestion was offered that surgeons might visit their local drapers shop and purchase Dacron fabric that could be cut with pinking shears to fabricate an arterial prosthesis. In the early 1960s Charnley used PMMA, ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene, and stainless steel for total hip replacement. 4.3 BIOMATERIALS Although biomaterials are primarily used for medical applications, they are also used to grow cells in culture, in apparatus for handling proteins in the laboratory