4经典神经递质讲稿.ppt

* * * * * * * * * * * * * 抑郁症是一种常见疾病，每十位男性中就有一位可能患有抑郁； 而女性则每五位中就有一位患有抑郁。抑郁症严重困扰患者的生活和工作，给家庭和社会带来沉重的负担，约15％的抑郁症患者死于自杀。据统计资料显示：全球每年用于抑郁症医疗上的费用总计约为600亿美元。美国每年都有1100万人患临床抑郁症，每年因此而造成的经济支出达到437亿美元，且大约15％的抑郁症患者最终会以自杀了结一生。世界卫生组织发表的《2001年世界卫生报告》强调，抑郁症目前已成为世界第四大疾患，而到2020年时可能成为仅次于心脏病的第二大疾病。 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FIG. 11. Frog neuromuscular junction treated with a-latrotoxin (a-LTX). Exposure to high amounts of toxin for hours causes a massive release of small synaptic vesicles. This results in an enlargement of the plasmalemma and a total depletion of the neurotransmitter containing vesicles, but not of the large dense-core vesicles containing neuropeptides (arrow). Nerve terminal is swollen as consequence of a toxinmediated entry of cations. [From Matteoli et al. (371).] * a | Structural features of the enzyme. X-ray crystallography has identified an active site at the bottom of a narrow gorge, lined with hydrophobic amino-acid side chains. At the time, the catalytic triad was unique among serine hydrolases in having a glutamate side chain in lieu of the familiar aspartate side chain. A choline-binding site featured hydrophobic tryptophan residues instead of the expected anionic groups; a peripheral binding site has also been identified by site-directed mutagenesis. b | The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reaction. AChE promotes acetylcholine hydrolysis by forming an acetyl-AChE intermediate with the release of choline, and the subsequent hydrolysis of the intermediate to release acetate. * ??? * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Figure 2. The molecular structure of the norepinephrine transporter protein. The norepinephrine transporter (NET) protein consists of 617 amino acids and has 12 transmembrane domains (blue rectangles). This conformation is similar to that of other membrane-associated proteins that are responsible for ion and solute transport. Missense polymorphisms identified in the human NET gene are