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rainwater harvesting as an alterative water resource in rual sites in central northern namibia.pdf

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rainwater harvesting as an alterative water resource in rual sites in central northern namibia

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 34 (2009) 776–785Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Physics and Chemistry of the Earth journal homepage: www.elsevier .com/locate /pceRainwater harvesting as an alternative water resource in rural sites in central northern Namibia M. Sturm a, M. Zimmermann a,*, K. Schütz a, W. Urban a, H. Hartung b,1 a Technische Universit?t Darmstadt, Institut WAR, Chair of Water Supply and Groundwater Protection, Petersenstr, 13, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany bAssociated Consultant at FAKT-Consult for Management, Training and Technologies, Kanalstr, 23, 97990 Weikersheim, Germany a r t i c l e i n f oArticle history: Received 16 January 2009 Received in revised form 19 June 2009 Accepted 1 July 2009 Available online 5 August 2009 Keywords: Central northern Namibia Cost analysis Participation Rainwater harvesting Roof and ground catchments1474-7065/$ - see front matter 2009 Elsevier Ltd. A doi:10.1016/j.pce.2009.07.004 * Corresponding author. Tel.: +49 (0) 6151 16 24 4 E-mail address: martin.zimmermann@gk-fb2.tu- mann). 1 Tel.: +49 (0) 7934 99 00 30.a b s t r a c t In this paper, results of the investigations on rainwater harvesting (RWH) in central northern Namibia are described, which are part of the transdisciplinary research project CuveWaters. On the basis of hydrolog- ical and technical as well as social and cultural conditions, appropriate solutions for RWH are developed, discussed, and evaluated. The main objective is to analyse their technical and economical feasibility as well as their affordability for future users. In detail, two small-scale RWH systems are examined: roof catchments using corrugated iron roofs as rain collection areas and ground catchments using treated ground surfaces. The current status of local water supply and water use was investigated in the village of Epyeshona. Concepts and techniques of RWH were discussed with the population. Based on the results of these investigations and on the physical conditions, the