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Rates of Root and Organism Growth, Soil Conditions, and Temporal and.pdf

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Rates of Root and Organism Growth, Soil Conditions, and Temporal and

REVIEW Rates of Root and Organism Growth, Soil Conditions, and Temporal and Spatial Development of the Rhizosphere MICHELLE WATT1,*, WENDY K. SILK2 and JOHN B. PASSIOURA1 1CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia and 2Deptartment of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8627, USA Received: 6 September 2005 Returned for revision: 5 October 2005 Accepted: 5 January 2005 Published electronically: 21 March 2006 Background Roots growing in soil encounter physical, chemical and biological environments that influence their rhizospheres and affect plant growth. Exudates from roots can stimulate or inhibit soil organisms that may release nutrients, infect the root, or modify plant growth via signals. These rhizosphere processes are poorly understood in field conditions. Scope and Aims We characterize roots and their rhizospheres and rates of growth in units of distance and time so that interactions with soil organisms can be better understood in field conditions. We review: (1) distances between components of the soil, including dead roots remnant from previous plants, and the distances between new roots, their rhizospheres and soil components; (2) characteristic times (distance2/diffusivity) for solutes to travel distances between roots and responsive soil organisms; (3) rates of movement and growth of soil organisms; (4) rates of extension of roots, and how these relate to the rates of anatomical and biochemical ageing of root tissues and the development of the rhizosphere within the soil profile; and (5) numbers of micro-organisms in the rhizosphere and the dependence on the site of attachment to the growing tip. We consider temporal and spatial variation within the rhizosphere to understand the distribution of bacteria and fungi on roots in hard, unploughed soil, and the activities of organisms in the overlapping rhizospheres of living and dead roots clustered in gaps in most field soils. Conclusions Rhiz