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托福阅读――动物类(五)
智 课 网 托 福 备 考 资 料
托福阅读――动物类(五)
A heated debate has enlivened recent studies of evolution.
Darwin s original thesis, and the viewpoint supported by
evolutionary gradualists, is that species change continuously but
slowly and in small increments. Such changes are all but invisible
over the short time scale of modern observations, and, it is
argued, they are usually obscured by innumerable gaps in the
imperfect fossil record. Gradualism, with its stress on the slow
pace of change, is a comforting position, repeated over and over
again in generations of textbooks. By the early twentieth century,
the question about the rate of evolution had been answered in
favor of gradualism to most biologists satisfaction.
Sometimes a closed question must be reopened as new
evidence or new arguments based on old evidence come to light.
In 1972 paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge
challenged conventional wisdom with an opposing viewpoint,
the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis, which posits that species
give rise to new species in relatively sudden bursts, without a
lengthy transition period. These episodes of rapid evolution are
separated by relatively long static spans during which a species
may hardly change at all.
The punctuated equilibrium hypothesis attempts to explain a
curious feature of the fossil record --- one that has been familiar
to paleontologist for more than a century but has usually been
ignored. Many species appear to remain unchanged in the fossil
record for millions of years --- a situation that seems to be at
odds with Darwin s model of continuous change. Intermediated
fossil forms, predicted by gradualism, are typically lacking. In
most localities a given species of clam or coral persists essentially
unchanged throughout a thick formation of rock, only to be
replaced suddenly by a new and different species.
The evolution of North American horse, which was once
presented as a classic textbook example of gradual evolution, is
now providing equally co
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