4-1-2Screen.pptxVIP

4.1.2. How to “See” Electrons 4.1.2.1. ELECTRON DETECTION AND DISPLAY In a conventional TEM the images and diffraction patterns are static, because the incident beam is fixed, and so we can easily project them onto a viewing screen within the microscope column. When we operate our TEM as a STEM, or we use a dedicated STEM, the image is not static; it is built up over time as the small probe is scanned across the area of interest. Under these circumstances, we detect the electron signals by various types of electronic detection. If we are seeking secondary electron (SE) or backscattered electron (BSE) signals, then these detectors sit in the specimen stage area. If we are seeking to image the same forward scattered electrons that we view on the TEM screen, the detectors are in the viewing chamber of the TEM. After weve detected any one of these signals, it is usually digitized and digital scanning images are presented on a fluorescent screen as an analog image. We often refer to this fluorescent screen as the CRT, which is the acronym for cathode-ray tube and a relic from the early days of electron physics. Because of developments in computer technology, there is great interest in recording analog TEM images via a TV camera in order to digitize them and charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras are already available for on-line viewing and processing, particularly of HRTEM images. 4.1.2.2. VIEWING SCREENS The viewing screen in a TEM is coated with a material such as ZnS, which emits light with a wavelength of 450 nm. The ZnS is usually modified with impurities to give off green light at closer to 550 nm; hence youll see screens of different shades of green which, being in the middle of the visible spectrum, is most relaxing for the eyes. 4.1.2.3. ELECTRON DETECTORS Such detectors are usually one of two kinds: 1. semicond