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Real and complex operator norms
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Real and Complex Operator Norms
Olga Holtz?
University of California-Berkeley
holtz@Math.Berkeley.EDU
Michael Karow
Technische Universita?t Berlin
karow@math.TU-Berlin.de
July 2004
Key words. Complexification, normed complexified space, function space, Lp spaces, lp spaces,
linear operator, nonnegative operator, norm, absolute norm, conjugation-invariant norm, shift-invariant
norm, monotone norm, norm extension, convex function, integral inequalities.
AMS subject classification. 47B37, 47B38, 47B65, 46E30, 47A30, 15A04, 15A60.
Abstract
Real and complex norms of a linear operator acting on a normed complexified
space are considered. Bounds on the ratio of these norms are given. The real
and complex norms are shown to coincide for four classes of operators:
1. real linear operators from Lp(μ1) to Lq(μ2), 1 ≤ p ≤ q ≤ ∞;
2. real linear operators between inner product spaces;
3. nonnegative linear operators acting between complexified function spaces
with absolute and monotonic norms;
4. real linear operators from a complexified function space with a norm satis-
fying ‖?x‖ ≤ ‖x‖ to L∞(μ).
The inequality p ≤ q in Case 1 is shown to be sharp.
A class of norm extensions from a real vector space to its complexification is
constructed that preserve operator norms.
1 Introduction
By a normed complexified vector space we mean a triple (X,XR, ‖ · ‖X), where
? X and XR are vector spaces over C and R, respectively;
? X is the algebraic complexification of XR, i.e. each x∈X can be uniquely written
in the form x = x1 + ix2 with x1, x2∈XR, we set x1 :=?x, x2 :=?x;
?Supported by the DFG center “Mathematics for key technologies” in Berlin, Germany.
1
? the function ‖ · ‖X : X → [0,∞) is a norm on the complex vector space X, in
particular ‖λ x‖X = |λ| ‖x‖X for all λ∈C, x∈X.
Let (X,XR, ‖ · ‖X) be a normed complexified space, let (Y, ‖ · ‖Y ) be a normed vector
space over C, and A : X → Y be a C-linear oper
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