人工智能教学资料 1ai Logic.pdfVIP

Artificial Intelligence Logic Yanghui Rao Assistant Prof., Ph.D School of Mobile Information Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University Artificial Intelligence: Logic Grading Scheme Final Exam (40%) Project (35%) Group project To be evaluated in technical innovation, thoroughness of the work, clarity of presentation, etc. Algorithm design Report based on existing tools Survey on a topic in AI … Others (25%) Artificial Intelligence: Logic Logic Logic: the knowledge is mainly input/transferred by experts Machine Learning: the knowledge is mainly learnt by computers Logic is a great knowledge representation language for many AI problems Propositional logic (PL) is the simple foundation and fine for some AI problems First order logic (FOL) is much more expressive and more commonly used in AI There are many variations: horn logic, higher order logic, three-valued logic, probabilistic logics, etc. Artificial Intelligence: Logic Propositional Logic (PL) Logical constants: true, false Propositional symbols: P, Q,... (atomic sentences) Wrapping parentheses: ( … ) Sentences are combined by connectives: and [conjunction] or [disjunction] implies [implication / conditional] is equivalent [equivalence] not [negation] P Q, P Q, P Q, ((P) Q), etc. Artificial Intelligence: Logic PL Simple language for showing key ideas and definitions User defines set of propositional symbols, like P and Q User defines semantics of each propositional symbol: P means “It is hot”, Q means “It is humid”, etc. A sentence (well formed formula) is defined as follows: A symbol is a sentence If S is a sentence, then S is a sentence If S is a sentence, then (S) is a sentence If S and T are sentences, then (S T), (S T), (S T), and (S T) are sentences If expressions are parenthesized, the term in the parentheses is evaluated first. Otherwise, the priorities are: , , , , Artificial Intelligence: Logic Examples of PL Sentences Q “It is humid.” Q P “If it is humid, then it is hot” (P Q) R “If it is hot and humid,