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4. Frequency Analysis of Empty Nodes
TLT 2003, Va?xjo?. Gerold Schneider
Extracting and Using Trace-Free Functional
Dependencies from the Penn Treebank to Reduce
Parsing Complexity
Gerold Schneider
Institute of Computational Linguistics, University of Zurich
Department of Linguistics, University of Geneva
gerold.schneider@lettres.unige.ch
November 14, 2003
1
TLT 2003, Va?xjo?. Gerold Schneider
Contents
1. Motivation
2. Probability Model
3. Extraction of Dependencies
4. Frequency Analysis of Empty Nodes
5. Evaluation
6. Conclusions
2
TLT 2003, Va?xjo?. Gerold Schneider
1 Motivation
1. Most formal grammars need parsers with high parsing complexity: O(n
5
) and
worse
2. Most statistical parsers allow using O(n
3
) complexity algorithms (Eisner, 2000),
(Nivre, 2003), such as the CYK used here, but they do not express long-distance
dependencies (LDD) and empty nodes (EN)
3. Most successful deep-linguistic Dependency Parsers (Lin, 1998), (Tapanainen
and Ja?rvinen, 1997) do not have a statistical base
4. Reconstruction of LDD and EN from statistical parser output is not successful
(Johnson, 2002)
3
TLT 2003, Va?xjo?. Gerold Schneider
2 Lexicalized Dependency Probability Model
In a binary CFG, any two constituents A and B which are adjacent during parsing are
candidates for the RHS of a rewrite rule. Terminal types are the word tags.
X ! AB; e:g:NP ! DT NN (1)
In DG and Bare Phrase Structure, one of these is isomorphic to the RHS, i.e. the head.
B ! AB; e:g: NN ! DT NN (2)
A! AB; e:g: V B ! V B PP (3)
DG rules additionally use a syntactic relation label R. A non-lexicalized model
would be:
p(RjA! AB)
=
#(R;A! AB)
#(A! AB)
(4)
4
TLT 2003, Va?xjo?. Gerold Schneider
Research on PCFG and PP-attachment has shown the importance of probabilizing on
lexical heads (a and b).
p(RjA! AB; a; b)
=
#(R;A! AB; a; b)
#(A! AB; a; b)
(5)
All that A ! AB expresses is that in the dependency relation the dependency is
towards the right.
p(Rjright; a; b)
=
#(R; right; a; b)
#(right; a; b)
(6)
e.g. for the Verb-PP attachment r
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