Contribution of Kaluza-Klein modes to vacuum energy in models with large extra dimensions $.pdf

a r X i v : h e p - t h / 0 2 1 0 0 6 9 v 1 8 O c t 2 0 0 2 Contribution of Kaluza-Klein modes to vacuum energy in models with large extra dimensions the Cosmological constant Abhinav Gupta? St. Stephen’s College, University of Delhi, Delhi-110 007, India. Abstract In this paper, the generation of topological energy in models with large extra dimensions is investigated. The origin of this energy is attributed to a topological deformation of the standard Minkowski vacuum due to compactification of extra dimensions. This deformation is seen to give rise to an effective, finite energy density due to massive Kaluza-Klein modes of gravitation. It’s renormalized value is seen to depend on the size of the extra dimensions instead of the UV cut-off of the theory. It is shown that if this energy density is to contribute to the observed cosmological constant, there will be extremely stringent bounds on the number of extra dimensions and their size. Introduction The Einstein equations with the cosmological constant are given by Rμν ? 1 2 gμνR = gμνΛ? 8πGTμν (1) where Λ is the cosmological constant, or vacuum energy. Modulo the factor of 8πG, this constant is identical to the stress tensor associated with vacuum. It can ?E–mail : abh@ducos.ernet.in, abhinav@physics.du.ac.in 1 be seen on grounds of covariance that the vacuum expectation value of the stress tensor is of the form [1] 〈Tμν〉 = ρvac gμν (2) No known symmetry forbids a cosmological term in Einstain equations. Based on observations, it is seen that in suitable units, Λ is at most of the order of 10?47 (GeV)4. At the same time, the vacuum energy evaluated with an ultraviolet cut-off at the Planck scale Mpl ～ 1019 GeV gives 〈Evac〉 ～ 1 2 ∫ Mpl 0 d3k (2π)3 √ k2 +m2 ～ M4pl (3) which is about 120 orders of magnitude higher. Attempts have been made to account for this discrepancy [2,3] and it has been realized that even if the cut-off is taken at the Supersymmetry (SUSY) scale, the discrepancy is still about 60 orders o