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GOODS Discovery of a Significant Population of Obscured AGN.pdf

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GOODS Discovery of a Significant Population of Obscured AGN

a r X i v : a s t r o - p h / 0 4 0 9 6 0 3 v 1 2 5 S e p 2 0 0 4 GOODS Discovery of a Significant Population of Obscured AGN C. M. Urry and Ezequiel Treister Yale Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Yale University, P.O. Box 208121, New Haven CT 06520-8121, USA Abstract. We analysed the optical and infrared properties of X-ray sources in the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS), a deep, multiwavelength survey covering 0.1 square degrees in two fields. The HST ACS data1 are well explained by a unified AGN scheme that postulates roughly 3 times as many obscured as unobscured AGN, as are the spectroscopic and photometric redshift distributions once selection effects are considered. Our model predicts infrared number counts of AGN that agree well with the preliminary Spitzer data, confirming that large numbers of obscured AGN are present in the early Universe (z 1). 1 Why There Might be Obscured AGN at High Redshift Luminous Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) have been readily found throughout the Universe, primarily in surveys at radio, optical, ultraviolet, and X-ray wave- lengths. These AGN (often called quasars) are ultimately powered by gravity, as matter from the host galaxy accretes onto a central supermassive black hole. The prevalence of AGN at redshifts z ～ 2? 3 indicates that that is the epoch of greatest black hole growth. It is also an epoch of strong star formation in young galaxies, one of several arguments that the growth of supermassive black holes must be closely tied to the formation of galaxies. Understanding the co-evolution of galaxies and black holes requires knowing the accretion history of supermas- sive black holes, via an accurate census of black hole demographics: how many there are, where they are, and what their masses are. Although many thousands of AGN have been catalogued, most recently in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (e.g., Richards et al., 2002; Anderson et al., 2003), the demographics of supermassive black holes has pro