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Abstract Confidence measures for speech recognition A survey
Speech Communication 45 (2005) 455–470
/locate/specomConfidence measures for speech recognition: A survey
Hui Jiang *
Department of Computer Science, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ont., Canada M3J 1P3
Received 3 August 2004; received in revised form 26 November 2004; accepted 27 December 2004Abstract
In speech recognition, confidence measures (CM) are used to evaluate reliability of recognition results. A good con-
fidence measure can largely benefit speech recognition systems in many practical applications. In this survey, I summa-
rize most research works related to confidence measures which have been done during the past 10–12 years. I will
present all these approaches as three major categories, namely CM as a combination of predictor features, CM as a
posterior probability, and CM as utterance verification. Then, I also introduce some recent advances in the area. More-
over, I will discuss capabilities and limitations of the current CM techniques and generally comment on todays CM
approaches. Based on the discussion, I will conclude the paper with some clues for future works.
2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Automatic speech recognition (ASR); Confidence measures (CM); Word posterior probability; Utterance verification;
Likelihood ratio testing (LRT); Bayes factors1. Introduction
Automatic speech recognition (ASR) has
achieved some substantial successes in past few
decades mostly attributing to two prevalent tech-
nologies in the field, namely hidden Markov mod-
eling (HMM) of speech signals and efficient
dynamic programming search (also known as
decoding) techniques for very-large-scale networks.
Today, in many aspects, it has become a standard0167-6393/$ - see front matter 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserv
doi:10.1016/j.specom.2004.12.004
* Tel.: +1 416 736 2100x33346; fax: +1 416 736 5872.
E-mail address: hj@cs.yorku.caroutine to build a state-of-the-art speech recogni-
tion system for any particular task if sufficient
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