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Abstract Confidence measures for speech recognition A survey.pdf

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Abstract Confidence measures for speech recognition A survey

Speech Communication 45 (2005) 455–470 /locate/specomConfidence measures for speech recognition: A survey Hui Jiang * Department of Computer Science, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ont., Canada M3J 1P3 Received 3 August 2004; received in revised form 26 November 2004; accepted 27 December 2004Abstract In speech recognition, confidence measures (CM) are used to evaluate reliability of recognition results. A good con- fidence measure can largely benefit speech recognition systems in many practical applications. In this survey, I summa- rize most research works related to confidence measures which have been done during the past 10–12 years. I will present all these approaches as three major categories, namely CM as a combination of predictor features, CM as a posterior probability, and CM as utterance verification. Then, I also introduce some recent advances in the area. More- over, I will discuss capabilities and limitations of the current CM techniques and generally comment on todays CM approaches. Based on the discussion, I will conclude the paper with some clues for future works. 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Automatic speech recognition (ASR); Confidence measures (CM); Word posterior probability; Utterance verification; Likelihood ratio testing (LRT); Bayes factors1. Introduction Automatic speech recognition (ASR) has achieved some substantial successes in past few decades mostly attributing to two prevalent tech- nologies in the field, namely hidden Markov mod- eling (HMM) of speech signals and efficient dynamic programming search (also known as decoding) techniques for very-large-scale networks. Today, in many aspects, it has become a standard0167-6393/$ - see front matter 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserv doi:10.1016/j.specom.2004.12.004 * Tel.: +1 416 736 2100x33346; fax: +1 416 736 5872. E-mail address: hj@cs.yorku.caroutine to build a state-of-the-art speech recogni- tion system for any particular task if sufficient