chapter 6-Intermolecular Forces-2012,4,10.pdf

Lecture Section I: the Structure of Matters Chapter 6 Intermolecular Forces 2012, 04, 10 Bond type Intramolecular （strong） Covalent bonds Ionic bonds Metallic bonds Intermolecular （weak） Hydrogen bond Dipole–dipole forces Dipole-induced dipole force London dispersion forces. Summary: intramolecular forces and intermolecular forces In general, intramolecular forces determine the Chemical properties of a substance and intermolecular forces determine its Physical properties. Relative strength of forces: Chapter 6 Intermolecular Forces Dipole-dipole interactions London dispersion forces Dipole-induced dipole force Hydrogen bonding Intermolecular Forces Intermolecular forces are forces of attraction or repulsion which act between neighboring particles: atoms, molecules or ions. They are weak compared to the intramolecular forces, the forces which keep a molecule together. The covalent bond present within HCl molecules is much stronger than the forces present between the neighbouring molecules, which exist when the molecules are sufficiently close to each other. Intermolecular Forces ? The intermolecular attractions are weaker than covalent bonds; ? They are, however, strong enough to control physical properties such as boiling and melting points, vapor pressures, and viscosities. Intermolecular Forces These intermolecular forces as a group are referred to as van der Waals forces. van der Waals Forces ? Dipole-dipole interactions ? London dispersion forces ? Dipole-induced dipole force ? Hydrogen bonding The molecular’s dipole moment Many molecules have dipole moments due to non-uniform distributions of positive and negative charges on the various atoms. Such is the case with polar compounds like hydrogen fluoride (HF), where electron density is shared unequally between atoms. 1. Dipole moment (μ) ： A quantitative measure of the polarity of a polar molecular. q: the charges on both poles; d: the distance between the charges + - +Q -Q d dipole mo