脊椎动物肢的发育和再生.docxVIP

脊椎动物肢的发育和再生 Vertebrate Limb Development and RegenerationHow are these processes involved？这些过程是怎样被涉及到的呢？Pattern formation directs cell identity and leads to ordered spatial pattern of cell activity模式形成：指导细胞身份并且形成细胞活动的有序的空间结构。Positional information directs where organs will form位置信息：指导器官在哪里形成。3，Induction direction of specific cell fate诱导：特定细胞命运的方向4，Morphogenesis changing the form of cells形态发生：改变细胞5，Differentiation acquire functional and structural identity distinct from their surrounding cells分化：获得不同于其周围细胞的结构和功能上的特性The greater the number of divisions, the more distal the cell identity.Apical Ectodermal Ridge (AER)外胚层顶脊1 of 2 organizing regions.调控区域的其中之一length of ridge controls width of bud.嵴的长度控制着芽的宽度essential for both outgrowth and proximodistal patterning; truncated截短的limbs result after removal.对于向外生长和靠近远端的模式形成，移除之后导致肢被截短都必不可少。FGF4: in posterior region - can act as a functional substitute for apical ridge FGF4：在较晚的时期，可以在功能上替代AER. Progress Zone (PZ)渐进带。cells begin to differentiate only after leaving the progress zone.细胞只有在离开渐进带之后才开始分化。[ZPA]极性活性区diffusiblemorphogen specifies position of cells alongantero-posterior (A/P) axis; by concentration of morphogen, or short-range signals可扩散的形态发生素沿着A/P轴指明细胞位置，通过提高形态发生素的浓度或者缩短信号（传递）的距离ZPA and PZ signals are necessary for survival and function of AER; FGFsfrom AER maintain ZPA and PZ.positive feedback loop: between SHH protein in mesoderm andFGF4expression in ridge, via bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs).What Directs Limb Development?:The AER is responsible for the proximo下月-distal 末梢patterning of the limb, which occurs over time through the progress zone AER【定外胚层嵴】在渐进带阶段负责肢的下月末梢的形成。Signals are sent both from the AER to the progress zone, and from the progress zone to the AER信号既从ＡＥＲ传递到到渐进带，也从渐进带传送到ＡＥＲ。The ZONE OF POLARIZING ACTIVITY (ZPA) is responsible for antero-posterior patterning of the limbＺＰＡ【极化活性区】负责肢前后轴的形成。The ECTODERM controls patterning along the dorso-ventral axis\外胚层控制着沿背腹轴的图式形成Differences in the activation of