土木工程专业外语混凝土含翻译.doc

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT9 1 The principles governing proper placement of concrete are: 2 Segregation must be avoided during all operations between the mixer and the point of placement, including final consolidation and finishing. 3 The concrete must be thoroughly consolidated, and should fill all angles and corners of the forms. 4 Where fresh concrete is placed on hardened concrete, a good bond must be developed.5 The temperature of fresh concrete must be controlled from the time of mixing through final placement, and protected after placement. 。6 Concrete may be conveyed from a mixer to point of placement by any of a variety of methods and equipment, if properly transported to avoid segregation. Selection of the most appropriate technique for economy depends on jobsite conditions, especially project size, equipment, and the contractor’s experience. In building construction， concrete usually is placed with hand-or power-operated buggies; drop bottom buckets with a crane; inclined chutes; flexible and rigid pipe by pumping; shot-crete, in which either dry materials and water are sprayed separately or mixed concrete is shot against the forms; and for underwater placing, tremie chutes (closed flexible tubes). For mass concrete construction, side-dump cars on narrow-gage track or belt conveyers may be used For pavement, concrete may be placed by bucket from the swinging boom of a paving mixer, directly by dump truck or mixer truck, or indirectly by trucks into a spreader. 7 Even within the specified limits on slump and water-cementitious materials ratio, excess water must be avoided. In this context, excess water is presented for the conditions of placing if evidence of water rise (vertical segregation) or water flow (horizontal segregation) occurs. Excess water also tends to aggravate surface defects by increased leakage through form openings. The result may be honeycomb, variations in color, or soft spots at the surface. 8 In vertical formwork, water ri