河口鱼类及河口渔业讲义.pptVIP

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  • 2017-04-28 发布于湖北
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第六章 河口生态;内容提要;6、河口鱼类及河口渔业;6.1 基本内涵;WHAT ARE FISH?;CLASSIFICATION OF FISH;6.2 河口鱼类群落组成;;;;;;6.3 鱼类的适应性——洄游;;;根据洄游的起因划分 生殖洄游(产卵洄游) 生殖期常集合成群,以寻找它们在物种进化过程中所形成的、有利于幼鱼发育的产卵地点。 索饵洄游 以追捕饵料为主的洄游。索饵洄游在接近性成熟及产卵后的鱼群中表现得特别明显。通过索饵洄游摄取大量食物,集聚营养以供来年越冬之用。 大麻哈鱼上溯至黑龙江产卵,其幼鱼孵化后沿江出海,到日本附近去索饵。 越冬洄游 见于狭温性和较喜暖性鱼类,它们往往由于水温下降而游到较深海区水温较高的地方越冬。越冬洄游一般发生在索饵洄游之后。 如比目鱼夏季分散在沿岸区域,秋季渐离海岸到深海越冬。;6.4 鱼类的其他适应性特征 ;(2)对河口生活方式的适应 渗透压调节 在外部环境渗透压变化很大的情况下维持近乎恒定的内部渗透压。 形态适应: 河口鱼类的渗透性很小的皮肤、鳞片以及粘液层,减少了鱼类与咸水中的离子和水的交换; 生理适应: 通过鳃运输特定的离子、饮水或者减少进入尿中的水量进行生理性调节。 行为适应: 通过主动的运动,鱼类能够避开在其盐度、温度、溶解氧、悬浮泥沙等耐受范围以外的大的变化。 例如,很多自游种类在河口上下运动以适应盐度的变化。;;;;;6.5 鱼类群落的动态;;; ;;;;;;Water Temperature;Striped bass and water temperature: lethal limits and optimal ranges;Winter: deep water is best habitat;Summer: often deep water is preferable;;Dissolved Oxygen;Physics and biology cause low dissolved oxygen;Physics and biology cause low dissolved oxygen;;Winter: all is good;Summer: deep water is NOT preferable;;Summary;6.6 河口渔场与渔业;(2)渔场的类型 按水生动物洄游性质划分 产卵渔场,索饵渔场、越冬渔场; 按水域空间位置划分 海湾渔场、近海渔场、外海渔场和远洋渔场等; 按捕捞对象划分 带鱼渔场、大黄鱼渔场、鳕鱼渔场、金枪鱼渔场等; 按作业方式划分 拖网作业渔场和围网作业渔场等。 ;;;;捕捞方式(实例);/diaotter.htm;Long line or baited hook - a commercial fishing technique that uses hundreds or even thousands of baited hooks hanging from a single line. ;Gill nets(刺网) – Fish try to swim through deliberately sized mesh openings in a hanging net but are unable to squeeze through. They are prevented from backing out due to the tendency for their gills to become caught. This effectively traps them. ;Other devices include fish traps for species such a crab and lobster.;;;6.7 长江口鱼类与长江口渔场;;;;;;(3)渔业资源面临的问题 过度捕捞: 兼捕 ;2007年1-3月;;;;An artificial reef is anything from the size of a beer can to something as large as a ship;Most of my undersea world here on the Gulf Coast is a flat sandy desert with no visible life, sort of like the beaches used to look before Condo’s;Put something here and within weeks things start to grow ;A few months later small marine animals s

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