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现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter7
Chapter 7 Sense Relations Between Words
7.1 Synonymy同义关系
7.2 Antonymy反义关系
7.3 Hyponymy上下义关系
7.4 Semantic Field 语义场
7.1 Synonymy
Synonyms: words differing in sound form but identical or similar in meaning.
*Synonymy: a relationship of ‘sameness of meaning’ that may hold between two words.
Synonym: a word that means the same as another.
*Or exactly one of two or more words which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning.
Kinds of synonyms
There are two kinds of synonyms
Complete synonyms: are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects.
*They’re rare .
Two words are totally synonyms only if they are fully identical in meaning and interchangeable in any context without the slightest alteration in connotative ,affective and stylistic meanings .
Eg. spirants –fricative (phonetics ) caecitis –typhlitis (medicine )
word-formation – word-building (lexicology )
Relative synonyms : also called quasi-synonyms.
Differ from complete synonyms in the following respects:
In degree of a given quality or in shade of meaning;
Eg. small ,tiny ,diminutive ,minute ,microscopic ,infinitesimal ---they denote different degrees of smallness
anger ,rage ,fury ,indignation ,wrath –they denote the emotional excitement induced by intense displeasure .
In affective meaning, and stylistic meaning;
affective meaning(emotive meaning )
Eg. little –small
little –emotion is associate with the designation
small –has no affective meaning
thrifty /frugal –niggardly /miserly black –nigger
stylistic meaning: words which refers to the same thing but belong to different stylistic layers :neutral (common ),colloquial ,literary ,slang ,vulgar ,scientific and technical ,ect.
Eg. chide (literary )
berate (neutral )
scold (neutral )
blame (neutral)
carpet (colloquial ,esp. BrE)
tell off (colloquial)
bawl out (AmE.,slang )
In collocation and distribution:
Eg. pretty –girl /child /flower /garden /colour /village/cottage
handsome –boy
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