现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter7.docx

Chapter 7 Sense Relations Between Words 7.1 Synonymy同义关系 7.2 Antonymy反义关系 7.3 Hyponymy上下义关系 7.4 Semantic Field 语义场 7.1 Synonymy Synonyms: words differing in sound form but identical or similar in meaning. *Synonymy: a relationship of ‘sameness of meaning’ that may hold between two words. Synonym: a word that means the same as another. *Or exactly one of two or more words which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning. Kinds of synonyms There are two kinds of synonyms Complete synonyms: are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects. *They’re rare . Two words are totally synonyms only if they are fully identical in meaning and interchangeable in any context without the slightest alteration in connotative ,affective and stylistic meanings . Eg. spirants –fricative (phonetics ) caecitis –typhlitis (medicine ) word-formation – word-building (lexicology ) Relative synonyms : also called quasi-synonyms. Differ from complete synonyms in the following respects: In degree of a given quality or in shade of meaning; Eg. small ,tiny ,diminutive ,minute ,microscopic ,infinitesimal ---they denote different degrees of smallness anger ,rage ,fury ,indignation ,wrath –they denote the emotional excitement induced by intense displeasure . In affective meaning, and stylistic meaning; affective meaning(emotive meaning ) Eg. little –small little –emotion is associate with the designation small –has no affective meaning thrifty /frugal –niggardly /miserly black –nigger stylistic meaning: words which refers to the same thing but belong to different stylistic layers :neutral (common ),colloquial ,literary ,slang ,vulgar ,scientific and technical ,ect. Eg. chide (literary ) berate (neutral ) scold (neutral ) blame (neutral) carpet (colloquial ,esp. BrE) tell off (colloquial) bawl out (AmE.,slang ) In collocation and distribution: Eg. pretty –girl /child /flower /garden /colour /village/cottage handsome –boy