机械制造专业英语答案.docxVIP

?第一单元???应力与应变? That?branch?of?scientific?analysis?which?motions,?times?and?forces?is?called?mechanics?and?is?made?up?of?two?parts,?statics?and?dynamics.? 研究位移、时间和力运动乘力是科学分析法的一个分歧，被称作力学，力学由两大部?分组成，静力学和动力学。? For?example,?if?the?force?operating?on?a?sleeve?bearing?becomes?too?high,?it?will?squeeze?out?the?oil?film?and?cause?metal-to-metal?contact,?overheating?and?rapid?failure?of?the?bearing.?例如：如果止推轴承上的作用力过大的话，会挤出油膜，引起金属和金属之间的相互接触，轴承将过热而迅速失效。? Our?intuitive?concept?of?force?includes?such?ideas?as?place?of?application,?direction,?and?magnitude,?and?these?are?called?the?characteristics?of?a?force.? 力的直观概念包括力的作用点、大小、方向，这些被称为力的三要素。? All?bodies?are?either?elastic?or?plastic?and?will?be?deformed?if?acted?upon?by?forces.?When?the?deformation?of?such?bodies?is?small,?they?are?frequently?assumed?to?be?rigid,?i.e.,?incapable?of?deformation,?in?order?to?simplify?the?analysis.?所有的物体既可以是弹性的也可以是塑性的，如果受到力的作用就产生变形。当变形很小的时候它们被假设成刚体，也就是不产生变形,以此来简化分析。? The?rigid-body?assumption?cannot?be?used?in?internal?stresses?and?strains?due?to?the?applied?forces?to?be?analyzed.?Thus?we?consider?the?body?to?be?capable?of?deforming.? 刚体假设不能应用于内应力和内应变的分析，所以在实际力的分析时，要考虑物体的形变。?If?all?the?forces?acting?on?a?particle?are?balanced,?the?particle?will?either?remain?at?rest?or?will?continue?to?move?in?a?straight?line?at?a?uniform?velocity.? 如果作用在质点上所有的力是平衡的，质点将会保持静止或做做匀速直线运动。?? 第二单元??材料的强度与塑性? A?tensile?test?consists?of?slowly?pulling?a?sample?of?material?with?a?tensile?load?until?it?breaks.?The?ends?of?tensile?specimens?are?usually?enlarged?to?provide?extra?area?for?grip-ping?and?to?avoid?having?the?sample?break?where?it?is?being?gripped.?拉伸试验包括慢慢加载拉伸载荷直到断裂。拉伸试件两端加粗为了提供装夹区域和避免试件断裂。? The?usual?manner?of?conducting?the?test?is?to?deform?the?specimen?at?a?constant?speed.?For?example,?in?the?universal?testing?machines,?the?motion?between?the?fixed?and?moving?crossheads?can?be?controlled?at?a?constant?speed.?? 通常进行试验的方法就是使试件以恒定速度发生变形。例如，在万能拉伸试验机上，固定端和移动的十字滑块之间的变形是以恒定速度进行的。? The?load?that?must?be?applied?to?enfor