经济学原理·萨缪尔森–中山大学岭南学院ch4.pptVIP

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经济学原理·萨缪尔森–中山大学岭南学院ch4.ppt

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经济学原理·萨缪尔森–中山大学岭南学院ch4

Part Two Microeconomics: Supply, Demand and Product Market Ch4. Applications of supply and demand 需求与供给的应用 A. Elasticity of demand and supply 需求与供给弹性 Price elasticity of demand 需求的价格弹性： (price elasticity): measuring how much the quantity demanded of a good changes when its price changes. ED=(percentage change in quantity demanded )/percentage change in price. Elastic Demand Shows Large Quantity Response to Price Change Categories of price elasticity: 价格弹性的分类： price-elastic demand: ED 1 price-inelastic demand: ED 1 unit-elastic demand: ED =1 Price Elasticity of Demand Falls into Three Categories Formula for elasticity: Special case:Linear demand curve: Linear demand curve: elasticity is high at top, low at bottom, exactly 1 in the middle. Perfectly Elastic and Inelastic Demands A Simple Rule for Calculating the Demand Elasticity Total Revenue(TR)=P?Q When ED 1, P? ? P?Q ? When ED 1, P? ? P?Q? When ED =1, P? ? P?Q constant Price elasticity of Supply 供给的价格弹性： ES=(percentage change in quantity supplied )/percentage change in price. Supply Elasticity Depends upon Producer Response to Price B. Applications to Major Economic Issues Prices of Basic Farm Products Have Declined Sharply Agricultural Distress Results from Expanding Supply and Price-Inelastic Demand The economic of agriculture: Price support（价格支持） Tariffs and Quotas（关税与配额） not to Produce Crop restriction Crop-Restriction Program Raise both Price and Farm Income Impact of a tax on price and quantity: The incidence of a tax: consumers and producers. The relationship of tax and elasticity: Gasoline Tax Falls on Both Consumer and Producer Impact of a Subsidies on price and quantity 补贴对价格与数量的影响 Minimum floors and maximum ceilings: 最高限价与最低限价 Minimum wage: unemployment Energy price controls: shortage The Minimum Wage and Teenage Unemployment, 1947-2002 Effects of a Minimum Wage Price Controls Produce Shortages * * * * * * *