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Children’s Use of Communicative Intent in the Selection of Cooperative Partners.doc

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Children’s Use of Communicative Intent in the Selection of Cooperative Partners

Children’sUseofCommunicativeIntentintheSelection ofCooperativePartners KristenA.Dunfield1*,ValerieA.Kuhlmeier2,LindsayMurphy2 1TheDepartmentofPsychology,ConcordiaUniversity,Montreal,Quebec,Canada,2TheDepartmentofPsychology,Queen’sUniversity,Kingston,Ontario,Canada Abstract Within the animal kingdom, human cooperation represents an outlier. As such, there has been great interest across a number of fields in identifying the factors that support the complex and flexible variety of cooperation that is uniquely human.The ability toidentifyandpreferentially interact withbettersocial partners (partner choice) is proposed tobea majorfactorinmaintainingcostlycooperationbetweenindividuals.Hereweshowthattheabilitytoengageinflexibleand effectivepartnerchoicebehaviorcanbetracedbacktoearlychildhood.Specifically,acrosstwostudies,wedemonstrate that by 3 years of age, children identify effective communication as ‘‘helpful’’ (Experiments 1 2), reward good communicatorswithinformation(Experiment1),andselectivelyreciprocatecommunicationwithdiversecooperativeacts (Experiment2).Takentogether,theseresultssuggestthateveninearlychildhood,humanstakeadvantageofcooperative benefits,whilemitigatingfree-riderrisks,throughappropriatepartnerchoicebehavior. Citation:DunfieldKA,KuhlmeierVA,MurphyL(2013)Children’sUseofCommunicativeIntentintheSelectionofCooperativePartners.PLoSONE8(4):e61804. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061804 Editor:AttilaSzolnoki,HungarianAcademyofSciences,Hungary ReceivedFebruary6,2013;AcceptedMarch15,2013;PublishedApril23,2013 Copyright: ? 2013 Dunfield etal. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalauthorandsourcearecredited. Funding: This research was supported by an operating grant from SSHRC (Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council)(VK) and the Canada Research Chairsprogram(VK).Thefundershadnoroleinstudydesign,datacol