基础分子生物学Chapter29 细胞周期和生.pptVIP

29.14 The animal cell cycle is controlled by many cdk-cyclin complexes. 动物的细胞周期由很多cdk-周期蛋白复合体控制. 许多具有cdc2样催化活性亚基cdk的二聚体激酶存在于动物细胞中. cdk2和cdk4是通常结合G1期周期蛋白的催化亚基. * 相似或重叠的组分被用来构建M期激酶和一种G1期对应物. * 动物细胞有丝分裂的控制需要M期激酶(MPK)的磷酸化和去磷酸化, 而这些酶自身处于相似的控制, 或者它们也能应答M期激酶. * 在G1期和S期, 一些cdk-周期蛋白复合体是有活性的. 阴影箭头表示其活性的维持时间. * 29.16 RB is a major substrate for cdk-cyclin complexes. RB是cdk-周期蛋白复合体的一个主要底物. RB是cdk-G1周期蛋白复合体的重要靶标, S期的起始需要它的磷酸化. * 当RB被cdk-周期蛋白磷酸化以后, 就解除了细胞进入S期的障碍. * 29.17 ?G0/G1 and G1/S transitions involve cdk inhibitors. ?G0/G1和G1/S转化需要cdk抑制剂的参与 CKI蛋白是cdk-周期蛋白二聚体的抑制剂. 不同的CKI蛋白对不同的cdk-周期蛋白复合体有特异性. * p16或与cdk4, cdk6结合, 或与cdk4, cdk6-周期蛋白二聚体结合, 通过抑制cdk-周期蛋白D的活性, 阻止RB的磷酸化, 使E2F处于被隔离的状态而不能进入S期. * p21和p27在CAK(Cdc2激活激酶)的作用下, 抑制cdk4, cdk6-周期蛋白D以及周期蛋白E的组装和活性; 它们还能阻止不依赖RB活性的细胞周期. p16抑制cdk4, cdk6-周期蛋白的组装和活性. * 29.18 Protein degradation is important in mitosis. ?蛋白质降解在有丝分裂过程中很重要. 周期蛋白在有丝分裂的两个时期降解, 周期蛋白A在中期, 周期蛋白B在末期. APC(有丝分裂后期起始复合体)是一个E3泛素连接酶, 它作用于底物使其降解. * 细胞周期通过有丝分裂期时, 需要将周期蛋白和其他蛋白降解. * 当细胞周期运行至分裂后期, 需要APC的两种形式. * 复习题 什么是M期激酶及其调控? 什么是CKI? * * * The cell cycle is the set of stages through which a cell progresses from one division to the next. Interphase is the period between mitotic cell divisions; divided into G1, S, and G2. Mitosis (M phase) is the process by which cells reproduce themselves, resulting in daughter cells that contain the same amount of genetic material as the parent cell. The two cells that result from a cell division are referred to as daughter cells. In budding yeast only the cell derived from the bud is called the daughter cell. G1 is the period of the eukaryotic cell cycle between the last mitosis and the start of DNA replication. S phase is the restricted part of the eukaryotic cell cycle during which synthesis of DNA occurs. G2 phase is the period of the cell cycle separating the replication of a cells chromosomes (S phase) from the following mitosis (M phase). The spindle is a highly dynamic structure that forms during mitosis and meiosis to segra