Added Value Measures in Education Show Genetic as Well as Environmental Influence 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Added Value Measures in Education Show Genetic as Well as Environmental Influence 英文参考文献.doc

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Added Value Measures in Education Show Genetic as Well as Environmental Influence 英文参考文献

AddedValueMeasuresinEducationShowGeneticas WellasEnvironmentalInfluence ClaireM.A.Haworth1*,KathrynAsbury1,PhilipS.Dale2,RobertPlomin1 1Social,GeneticandDevelopmentalPsychiatryCentre,King’sCollegeLondon,London,UnitedKingdom,2DepartmentofSpeechandHearingSciences,Universityof NewMexico,Albuquerque,NewMexico,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Doesachievementindependentofabilityorpreviousattainmentprovideapurermeasureoftheaddedvalueofschool?Ina studyof4000pairsof12-year-oldtwinsintheUK,wemeasuredachievementwithyear-longteacherassessmentsaswellas tests. Raw achievement shows moderate heritability (about 50%) and modest shared environmental influences (25%). Unexpectedly,weshowthatforindicesoftheaddedvalueofschool,geneticinfluencesremainmoderate(around50%), andtheshared(school)environmentislessimportant(about12%).Thepervasivenessofgeneticinfluenceinhowandhow much children learn is compatible with an active view of learning in which children create their own educational experiencesinpartonthebasisoftheirgeneticpropensities. Citation:HaworthCMA,AsburyK,DalePS,PlominR(2011)AddedValueMeasuresinEducationShowGeneticasWellasEnvironmentalInfluence.PLoSONE6(2): e16006.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016006 Editor:DorothyBishop,UniversityofOxford,UnitedKingdom ReceivedAugust24,2010;AcceptedDecember1,2010;PublishedFebruary2,2011 Copyright: ? 2011 Haworth et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalauthorandsourcearecredited. Funding:TheTwinsEarlyDevelopmentStudy(TEDS)issupportedbyaprogramgrant(G0500079)fromtheUnitedKingdomMedicalResearchCouncil(www. mrc.ac.uk);theworkonschoolenvironmentsandacademicachievementissupportedbygrantsfromtheUnitedStatesNationalInstitutesofHealth(HD44454 andHD46167;).CMAHissupportedbyajointMedicalResearchCouncil(MRC),andEconomicandSocialResearchCouncil(ESRC)fellowship (G0802681;www.mrc.ac.ukandwww.esrc.ac.uk).Th