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An Evolutionarily Conserved Sexual Signature in the Primate Brain 英文参考文献
AnEvolutionarilyConservedSexualSignatureinthe
PrimateBrain
Bjo¨rnReinius1,PeterSaetre1,2,JenniferA.Leonard3,RanBlekhman4,RoxanaMerino-Martinez5 ,Yoav
Gilad4,ElenaJazin1*
1Department of Development and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, 2Department of Clinical Neuroscience, HUBIN Project, Karolinska Institutet and
Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, 3Department of Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, 4Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago,
Chicago,Illinois,UnitedStatesofAmerica,5DepartmentofMolecularMedicineandSurgery,KarolinskaInstitutetandHospital,Stockholm,Sweden
Abstract
Thequestionofapotentialbiologicalsexualsignatureinthehumanbrainisaheavilydisputedsubject.Inordertoprovide
furtherinsightintothisissue,weusedanevolutionaryapproachtoidentifygeneswithsexdifferencesinbrainexpression
levelamongprimates.Wereasonedthatexpressionpatternsimportanttoupholdkeymaleandfemalecharacteristicsmay
beconservedduringevolution.Weselectedcortexforourstudiesbecausethisspecificbrainregionisresponsibleformany
higher behavioral functions. We compared gene expression profiles in the occipital cortex of male and female humans
(Homosapiens,agreatape)andcynomolgusmacaques(Macacafascicularis,anoldworldmonkey),twocatarrhinespecies
thatshowabundantmorphologicalsexualdimorphism,aswellasincommonmarmosets(CallithrixJacchus,anewworld
monkey)whicharerelativelysexuallymonomorphic.Weidentifiedhundredsofgeneswithsex-biasedexpressionpatterns
inhumansandmacaques,whilefewerthantenweredifferentiallyexpressedbetweenthesexesinmarmosets.Inprimates,
ageneralruleisthatmanyofthemorphologicalandbehavioralsexualdimorphismsseeninpolygamousspecies,suchas
macaques,aretypicallylesspronouncedinmonogamousspeciessuchasthemarmosets.Ourobservationssuggestthatthis
correlation may also be reflected in the extent of sex-biased gene expression in the brain. We identified 85 genes with
commonsex-biasedexpression,inbothhumanandmacaqueand2genes,Xinactivation-specifictranscript(XIST)andHe
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