Analysis of Chimpanzee History Based on Genome Sequence Alignments 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Analysis of Chimpanzee History Based on Genome Sequence Alignments 英文参考文献.doc

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Analysis of Chimpanzee History Based on Genome Sequence Alignments 英文参考文献

AnalysisofChimpanzeeHistoryBasedonGenome SequenceAlignments JenniferL.Caswell1,2,3,SwapanMallick1,3,DanielJ.Richter3,4,JulieNeubauer1,3,ChristineSchirmer1,3 , SanteGnerre3,DavidReich1,3* 1Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, 2Department of Anthropology, Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts,UnitedStatesofAmerica,3BroadInstituteofHarvardandMIT,Cambridge,Massachusetts,UnitedStatesofAmerica,4DepartmentofMolecularandCell Biology,UniversityofCaliforniaBerkeley,Berkeley,California,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Populationgeneticistsoftenstudysmallnumbersofcarefullychosenloci,butithasbecomepossibletoobtainordersof magnitudeformoredatafromoverlapsofgenomesequences.Here,wegeneratetensofmillionsofbasepairsofmultiple sequencealignmentsfromcombinationsofthreewesternchimpanzees,threecentralchimpanzees,aneasternchimpanzee, abonobo,ahuman,anorangutan,andamacaque.Analysisprovidesamorepreciseunderstandingofdemographichistory thanwaspreviouslyavailable.Weshowthatbonobosandcommonchimpanzeeswereseparated,1,290,000yearsago, westernandothercommonchimpanzees,510,000yearsago,andeasternandcentralchimpanzeesatleast50,000years ago. We infer that the central chimpanzee population size increased by at least a factor of 4 since its separation from western chimpanzees, while the western chimpanzee effective population size decreased. Surprisingly, in about one percentofthegenome,thegeneticrelationshipsbetweenhumans,chimpanzees,andbonobosappeartobedifferentfrom thespeciesrelationships.WeusedPCR-basedresequencingtoconfirm11regionswherechimpanzeesandbonobosarenot mostcloselyrelated.Studyofsuchlocishouldprovideinformationabouttheperiodoftime5–7millionyearsagowhenthe ancestorsofhumansseparatedfromthoseofthechimpanzees. Citation:CaswellJL,MallickS,RichterDJ,NeubauerJ,SchirmerC,etal.(2008)AnalysisofChimpanzeeHistoryBasedonGenomeSequenceAlignments.PLoS Genet4(4):e1000057.doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000057 Editor:GilMcVean,UniversityofOxford,