Anthropogenic Disturbance Can Determine the Magnitude of Opportunistic Species Responses on Marine Urban Infrastructures 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Anthropogenic Disturbance Can Determine the Magnitude of Opportunistic Species Responses on Marine Urban Infrastructures 英文参考文献.doc

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Anthropogenic Disturbance Can Determine the Magnitude of Opportunistic Species Responses on Marine Urban Infrastructures 英文参考文献

AnthropogenicDisturbanceCanDeterminethe MagnitudeofOpportunisticSpeciesResponseson MarineUrbanInfrastructures LauraAiroldi1,2*,FabioBulleri3,4 1DipartimentodiBiologiaEvoluzionisticaSperimentaleandCentroInterdipartimentalediRicercaperleScienzeAmbientaliinRavenna,Universita` diBologna,Ravenna, Italy,2DepartmentofEarthandEnvironmentalSciences,WesleyanUniversity,Middletown,Connecticut,UnitedStatesofAmerica,3DipartimentodiBiologia,Universita` diPisa,CoNISMa,Pisa,Italy,4DipartimentodiScienceBotaniche,EcologicheeGeologiche,Universita` diSassari,Sassari,Italy Abstract Background:Coastallandscapesarebeingtransformedasaconsequenceoftheincreasingdemandforinfrastructuresto sustainresidential,commercialandtouristactivities.Thus,intertidalandshallowmarinehabitatsarelargelybeingreplaced by a variety of artificial substrata (e.g. breakwaters, seawalls, jetties). Understanding the ecological functioning of these artificialhabitatsiskeytoplanningtheirdesignandmanagement,inordertominimisetheirimpactsandtoimprovetheir potentialtocontributetomarinebiodiversityandecosystemfunctioning.Nonetheless,littleefforthasbeenmadetoassess theroleofhumandisturbancesinshapingthestructureofassemblagesonmarineartificialinfrastructures.Wetestedthe hypothesis that some negative impacts associated with the expansion of opportunistic and invasive species on urban infrastructurescanberelatedtotheseverehumandisturbancesthataretypicaloftheseenvironments,suchasthosefrom maintenanceandrenovationworks. Methodology/PrincipalFindings:Maintenancecausedamarkeddecreaseinthecoverofdominantspaceoccupiers,such asmusselsandoysters,andasignificantenhancementofopportunisticandinvasiveforms,suchasbiofilmandmacroalgae. These effects were particularly pronounced on sheltered substrata compared to exposed substrata. Experimental application of the disturbance in winter reduced the magnitude of the impacts compared to application in spring or summer. We use these results to identify possible management strategi