Anticipatory Cortical Activation Precedes Auditory Events in Sleeping Infants 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Anticipatory Cortical Activation Precedes Auditory Events in Sleeping Infants 英文参考文献.doc

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Anticipatory Cortical Activation Precedes Auditory Events in Sleeping Infants 英文参考文献

AnticipatoryCorticalActivationPrecedesAuditory EventsinSleepingInfants TamamiNakano1,2*,FumitakaHomae1,3,HamaWatanabe1,3,GentaroTaga1,3 1GraduateSchoolofEducation,UniversityofTokyo,Bunkyo-ku,Tokyo,Japan,2JapanSocietyforthePromotionofScience,Tokyo,Japan,3CoreResearchforEvolutional ScienceandTechnology(CREST),JapanScienceandTechnologyAgency,Saitama,Japan Abstract Background:Behavioralstudieshaveshownthatinfantscanformassociationsbetweenenvironmentaleventsandproduce anticipatory actions for the predictable event, but the neural mechanisms for the learning and anticipation of events in infantsarenotknown.Recentneuroimagingstudiesrevealedthattheassociationcorticesofinfantsshowactivationrelated toauditory-stimulus discriminationandnoveltydetectionduringsleep.Inthepresentstudy,weexpectedthatwhenan auditory cue (beeps) predicted an auditory event (a female voice), specific regions of the infant cortex would show anticipatoryactivationbeforetheeventonsetevenwhilesleeping. Methodology/PrincipalFindings:Weexaminedthecorticalactivationof3-month-oldinfantsduringdelaysbetweenthe cue and the event by using multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy. To investigate spatiotemporal changes in cortical activationovertheexperimentalsession,wedividedthesessionintotwophases(earlyandlatephase)andanalyzedeach phaseseparately.Intheearlyphase,thefrontalregionsshowedactivationinresponsetothecuethatwasfollowedbythe eventcomparedwithanothercuethatwasnotfollowedbyanyevent.Inthelatephase,thetemporoparietalregion,in additiontothefrontalregion,showedprominentactivationinresponsetothecuefollowedbytheevent.Incontrast,when thecuewasfollowedbyaneventandno-eventinequalproportions,corticalactivationinresponsetothecuewasnot observedinanyphase. Conclusions: Sleeping 3-month-old infants showed anticipatory cortical activation in the temporoparietal and frontal regionsonlyinresponsetothecuepredictingtheevent,suggestingthatinfantscanimplicitlyformassociationsbetween temporally separated events and generate th