Apathy, but Not Depression, Reflects Inefficient Cognitive Strategies in Parkinsons Disease 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Apathy, but Not Depression, Reflects Inefficient Cognitive Strategies in Parkinsons Disease 英文参考文献.doc

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Apathy, but Not Depression, Reflects Inefficient Cognitive Strategies in Parkinsons Disease 英文参考文献

Apathy,butNotDepression,ReflectsInefficient CognitiveStrategiesinParkinson’sDisease SaraVaranese1,2*,BernardoPerfetti2,3,MariaFeliceGhilardi3,AlessandroDiRocco1 1DivisionofMovementDisorders,DepartmentofNeurology,NewYorkUniversitySchoolofMedicine,NewYork,NewYork,UnitedStatesofAmerica,2Departmentof Neuroscience and Imaging, ITAB -Institute of Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University ‘‘G. d’Annunzio,’’ Chieti-Pescara, Italy, 3Department of Physiology and Pharmacology,SophieDavisSchoolofMedicine,CityCollegeofNewYork,NewYork,NewYork,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Background: The relationship between apathy, depression and cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is still controversial. The objective of this study is toinvestigate whether apathy anddepression areassociated with inefficient cognitivestrategiesinPD. Methods:Inthisprospectiveclinicalcohortstudyconductedinauniversity-basedclinicalandresearchmovementdisorders centerwestudied48PDpatients.Basedonclinicalevaluation,theywereclassifiedintwogroups:PDwithapathy(PD-A group,n=23)andPDwithoutapathy(PD-NAgroup,n=25).Patientsreceivedclinicalandneuropsychologicalevaluations. Theclinicalevaluationincluded:ApathyEvaluationScale-patientversion,HamiltonDepressionRatingScale-17items,the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale and the Hoehn and Yahr staging system; the neuropsychological evaluation explored speed information processing, attention, working memory, executive function, learning abilities and memory, whichincludedseveralmeasuresofrecall(immediatefree,shortdelayfree,longdelayfreeandcued,andtotalrecall). Findings:PD-AandPD-NAgroupsdidnotdifferinage,diseaseduration,treatment,andmotorcondition,butdifferedin recall(p,0.001)andexecutivetasks(p,0.001).Immediatefreerecallhadthehighestpredictivevalueforapathy(F= 10.94; p=0.002).Depressionandapathyhadaweakcorrelation(Pearsonindex =0.3;p,0.07),withthreeitemsofthedepression scale correlating with apathy (Pearson index between .3 and.4; p,0.04). The dep