Archaeogenetic Evidence of Ancient Nubian Barley Evolution from Six to Two-Row Indicates Local Adaptation 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Archaeogenetic Evidence of Ancient Nubian Barley Evolution from Six to Two-Row Indicates Local Adaptation 英文参考文献.doc

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Archaeogenetic Evidence of Ancient Nubian Barley Evolution from Six to Two-Row Indicates Local Adaptation 英文参考文献

ArchaeogeneticEvidenceofAncientNubianBarley EvolutionfromSixtoTwo-RowIndicatesLocal Adaptation SarahA.Palmer1,JonathanD.Moore1,AlanJ.Clapham2,PamelaRose3,RobinG.Allaby1* 1Warwick HRI, The University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, United Kingdom, 2Worcestershire Historic Environment Archaeology Service, Woodbury, University of Worcester,Worcester,UnitedKingdom,3TheMcDonaldInstituteforArchaeologicalResearch,UniversityofCambridge,Cambridge,UnitedKingdom Abstract Background:Archaeobotanicalsamplesofbarley(HordeumvulgareL.)foundatQasrIbrimdisplayatwo-rowphenotype thatisuniquetotheregionofarchaeologicalsitesupriverofthefirstcataractoftheNile,characterisedbythedevelopment ofdistinctivelateralbracts.ThephenotypeoccursthroughoutallstrataatQasrIbrim,whichrangeinagefrom3000toafew hundredyears. MethodologyandFindings:WeextractedancientDNAfrombarleysamplesfromtheentirerangeofoccupancyofthesite, and studied the Vrs1 gene responsible for row number in extant barley. Surprisingly, we found a discord between the genotypeandphenotypeinallsamples;allthebarleyhadagenotypeconsistentwiththesix-rowcondition.Theseresults indicate a six-row ancestry for the Qasr Ibrim barley, followed by a reassertion of the two-row condition. Modelling demonstratesthatthissequenceofevolutionaryeventsrequiresastrongselectionpressure. Conclusions: The two-row phenotype at Qasr Ibrim is caused by a different mechanism to that in extant barley. The strengthofselectionrequiredforthismechanismtoprevailindicatesthatthebarleybecamelocallyadaptedintheregionin responsetoalocalselectionpressure.Theconsistencyofthegenotype/phenotypediscordovertimesupportsascenarioof adoption of this barley type by successive cultures, rather than the importation of new barley varieties associated with individualcultures. Citation:PalmerSA,MooreJD,ClaphamAJ,RoseP,AllabyRG(2009)ArchaeogeneticEvidenceofAncientNubianBarleyEvolutionfromSixtoTwo-RowIndicates LocalAdaptation.PLoSONE4(7):e6301.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006301 Editor:DorianQ.Ful