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Apoptosis Versus Survival When in Doubt, Choose Both 英文参考文献
Synopses of Research Articles
Bridging the Gap betweenTheory and Ecology in Evolutionary Models
Liza Gross | DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040405
The history of life is ?lled with
examples of one species diverging into
several, even thousands, each with
unique traits geared to the demands
of its ecological niche. In the textbook
case of adaptive radiation, an ancestral
?nch species landed on the Galapagos
Islands just a few million years ago,
and evolved into 13 new species with
specialized beaks adapted to exploiting
the various seeds, nuts, insects, and
other food sources on the island.
Adaptive radiations suggest that
species evolution follows the ?rst rule
of business: ?nd a niche and ?ll it. But
that’s not what most models used to
detect evolutionary patterns of trait
evolution assume. And in a new study,
Robert Freckleton and Paul Harvey
demonstrate the limitations of that
choice. They also introduce a method
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040405.g001
to minimize those limitations by
using a diagnostic tool that can detect
evolutionary patterns that deviate from
the standard models.
Old World Leaf warblers and Dendroica warblers (Dendroica fusca, pictured above), two
classic cases of adaptive evolution, served as case studies for two diagnostic tests designed
to reveal deviations from a Brownian motion model of trait evolution.
The complexity of evolutionary
processes and spottiness of the fossil
record calls for statistical models—
whose accuracy depends on their
assumptions—to infer historical
patterns of evolution. Traditional
approaches to studying the evolution
of traits (such as beak shape) typically
compare populations, species, or
higher taxa to identify adaptations
and the corresponding evolutionary
processes. With advances in molecular
genomic techniques, comparative
methods increasingly incorporate
phylogenetic analyses, which compare
gene or protein sequences to infer
evolutionary relationships between taxa
or traits.
These phylogenetic comparative
me
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